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Snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. High-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. We report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of Naja naja , the Indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. Our assembly has a scaffold N50 of 223.35 Mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. Of the 23,248 predicted protein-coding genes, 12,346 venom-gland-expressed genes constitute the ‘venom-ome’ and this included 139 genes from 33 toxin families. Among the 139 toxin genes were 19 ‘venom-ome-specific toxins’ (VSTs) that showed venom-gland-specific expression, and these probably encode the minimal core venom effector proteins. Synthetic venom reconstituted through recombinant VST expression will aid in the rapid development of safe and effective synthetic antivenom. Additionally, our genome could serve as a reference for snake genomes, support evolutionary studies and enable venom-driven drug discovery. Analysis of a near-chromosomal genome assembly and transcriptome profiling of the Indian cobra identifies genes expressed in the venom glands. These data should help develop a new antivenom.

Background The oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. Culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. A complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from India. Methods Total DNA was isolated from oral swabs collected from three wild snake species (Indian Cobra, King Cobra and Indian Python). Next, the DNA was subjected to PCR amplification of microbial 16S rRNA gene using V3-region-specific primers. The amplicons were used for preparation of DNA libraries that were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results The cluster-based taxonomy analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most predominant phyla present in the oral cavities of snakes. This result indicates that snakes show more similarities to birds than mammals as to their oral bacterial communities. Furthermore, our study reports all the unique and common bacterial species (total: 147) found among the oral microbes of snakes studied, while the majority of commonly abundant species were pathogens or opportunistic pathogens to humans. A wide difference in ophidian oral bacterial flora suggests variation by individual, species and geographical region. Conclusion The present study would provide a foundation for further research on snakes to recognize the potential drugs/antibiotics for the different infectious diseases.

Necropsy on a striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833) entangled in ghost fishing net and dead while rescuing yielded some helminth parasites, later identified as Halocercus lagenorhynchi . DNA barcoding of the host and parasite and the phylogenetic analysis of the parasite was conducted. This study provides valuable information towards establishing basal data of marine mammal parasite diversity and distribution in the Indian waters. We believe this is the first report of the occurrence of Halocercus lagenorhynchi in marine mammals in India.

Necropsy on a striped dolphin (Meyen, 1833) entangled in ghost fishing net and dead while rescuing yielded some helminth parasites, later identified as . DNA barcoding of the host and parasite and the phylogenetic analysis of the parasite was conducted. This study provides valuable information towards establishing basal data of marine mammal parasite diversity and distribution in the Indian waters. We believe this is the first report of the occurrence of in marine mammals in India.

Background Previous genomic efforts on chromosome 9p deletion and duplication syndromes have utilized low-resolution strategies (i.e., karyotypes, chromosome microarrays). These studies have provided important initial insights into these syndromes. This current study is the first large-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study of 100 individuals from families with chromosome 9p syndromes. Methods Through the newly formed 9P-ARCH (Advanced Research in Chromosomal Health: Genomic, Phenotypic, and Functional Aspects of 9p-Related syndromes) research network, we assembled a cohort of individuals from families with chromosome 9p syndromes. WGS was applied to 100 individuals, and other genomic technologies were applied to a subset of individuals. To prioritize genes on 9p, we utilized two independent approaches: statistical analyses of genomic data and spatial transcriptomic profiling of embryonic mouse tissue. To assess the enrichment of DNVs within genomic regions, we developed a computational tool, DiamondsDenovo ( https://github.com/TNTurnerLab/DiamondsDenovo ). Results Unlike previous low-resolution studies, we analyzed the genomic architecture of chromosome 9p syndromes, highlighting fundamental features and their commonalities and differences across individuals. A machine-learning model was developed to predict 9p deletion syndrome based on gene copy number estimates using WGS data. We identified two late-replicating regions containing most structural variant breakpoints in 9p deletion syndrome, pointing to replication-based issues as a potential cause of structural variant formation in most individuals and structural rearrangements in some individuals. Genes on 9p were prioritized based on statistical assessment of human genomic variation and through spatial transcriptomics, with 24 genes ( AK3 , BRD10 , CD274 , CDC37L1 , DMRT1 , DMRT2 , DMRT3 , DOCK8 , GLIS3 , JAK2 , KANK1 , KDM4C , PLPP6 , PTPRD , PUM3 , RANBP6 , RCL1 , RFX3 , RIC1 , SLC1A1 , SMARCA2 , UHRF2 , VLDLR , and ZNG1A ) identified as important for the majority (83%) of individuals with 9p deletion syndrome. Testing of the mitochondrial genome revealed excess copy number in individuals with 9p deletion syndrome. Conclusions This study introduces the 9P-ARCH research network that is actively pursuing genomic, phenotypic, and functional aspects of 9p-related syndromes. We advanced the study of 9p-related syndromes both at the individual level and across the cohort through the largest, most comprehensive genomic analysis of 9p-related syndromes to date.

The tiger, a poster child for conservation, remains an endangered apex predator. Continued survival and recovery will require a comprehensive understanding of their genetic diversity and the use of such information for population management. A high-quality tiger genome assembly will be an important tool for conservation genetics, especially for the Indian tiger, the most abundant subspecies in the wild. Here, we present high-quality near-chromosomal genome assemblies of a female and a male wild Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Our assemblies had a scaffold N50 of >140 Mb, with 19 scaffolds, corresponding to the 19 numbered chromosomes, containing 95% of the genome. Our assemblies also enabled detection of longer stretches of runs of homozygosity compared to previous genome assemblies which will improve estimates of genomic inbreeding. Comprehensive genome annotation identified 26,068 protein-coding genes, including several gene families involved in key morphological features such as the teeth, claws, vision, olfaction, taste and body stripes. We also identified 301 microRNAs, 365 small nucleolar RNAs, 632 tRNAs and other noncoding RNA elements, several of which are predicted to regulate key biological pathways that likely contribute to the tigers apex predatory traits. We identify signatures of positive selection in the tiger genome that are consistent with the Panthera lineage. Our high-quality genome will enable use of non-invasive samples for comprehensive assessment of genetic diversity, thus supporting effective conservation and management of wild tiger populations. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.