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To mitigate dictionary attacks or similar undesirable automated attacks to information systems, developers mostly prefer using CAPTCHA challenges as Human Interactive Proofs (HIPs) to distinguish between human users and scripts. Appropriate use of CAPTCHA requires a setup that balances between robustness and usability during the design of a challenge. The previous research reveals that most usability studies have used accuracy and response time as measurement criteria for quantitative analysis. The present study aims at applying optical neuroimaging techniques for the analysis of CAPTCHA design. The functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy technique was used to explore the hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex elicited by CAPTCHA stimulus of varying types. The findings suggest that regions in the left and right dorsolateral and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex respond to the degrees of line occlusion, rotation, and wave distortions present in a CAPTCHA. The systematic addition of the visual effects introduced nonlinear effects on the behavioral and prefrontal oxygenation measures, indicative of the emergence of Gestalt effects that might have influenced the perception of the overall CAPTCHA figure.

The Mu2e calorimeter consists of 1348 pure CsI crystals coupled to two large area UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) organized in two separate annular disks. An intense R&D phase has been pursued to check if this configuration satisfies the Mu2e requirements. In May 2017, a dedicated test has been performed at the Beam Test Facility (BTF) in Frascati (Italy) where the large calorimeter prototype (Module-0) has been exposed to an electron beam in the energy range between 60 and 120 MeV. The prototype consists of 51 crystals, each one readout by two Mu2e SiPMs. We present results for timing and energy resolution both for electrons at normal incidence (0°) and at a grazing impact angle (50°) more similar to the experiment configuration. At 100 MeV, an energy resolution of 5.4% (7.4%) at normal (grazing) incidence has been achieved in good agreement with Monte Carlo expectation. In the same energy range, a time resolution of ∼ XX ps (∼ YY ps) has been measured at normal incidence with 1 GHz (250 MHz) sampling rate. Dependence of time and energy resolutions as a function of beam energy and impinging angle are also presented.

The role of adrenaline in the body, especially in athletes, is considered. Special attention is paid to the cardiovascular system performance in conditions of the continuous release of adrenaline. The ECG shape and the possible therapy in case of adrenaline heart are discussed.

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab searches for the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The dynamics of such a process is well modeled by a two-body decay, resulting in a monoenergetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.967 MeV). The calorimeter of this experiment plays an important role to provide excellent particle identification capabilities and an online trigger filter while aiding the track reconstruction capabilities. The baseline calorimeter configuration consists of two disks each made with ∼ 700 undoped CsI crystals read out by two large area UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers. These crystals match the requirements for stability of response, high resolution and radiation hardness. In this paper we present the final calorimeter design.

The Mu2e experiment at FNAL aims to measure the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrinoless conversion of a negative muon into an electron. The conversion results in a monochromatic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.97 MeV). The calorimeter should confirm that the candidates reconstructed by the extremely precise tracker system are indeed conversion electrons while performing a powerful μ/e particle identification. Moreover, it should also provide a high level trigger for the experiment independently from the tracker system. The calorimeter should also be able to keep functionality in an environment where the background delivers a dose of ~ 10 krad/year in the hottest area and to work in the presence of 1 T axial magnetic field. These requirements translate in the design of a calorimeter with large acceptance, good energy resolution O(5%) and a reasonable position (time) resolution of ~ < 1 cm (<0.5ns). The baseline version of the calorimeter is composed by two disks of inner (outer) radius of 351 (660) mm filled by 1860 hexagonal BaF2 crystals of 20 cm length. Each crystal is readout by two large area APD's. In this paper, we summarize the experimental tests done so far as well as the simulation studies in the Mu2e environment.

Despite the restoration of macro-hemodynamic parameters in sepsis treatment, microcirculatory changes can lead to organ failure. This study aims to investigate the effect of patient management guided by PPI in assessing microcirculation on the survival of patients with sepsis and septic shock. The study was conducted as a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial in the emergency department. The control group was managed according to SSC guidelines using macro-hemodynamic parameters, aiming to maintain MAP ≥65 mmHg. In the study group, patient management was carried out under the guidance of PPI measurement. Patients with PPI <1.4 were rapidly brought to a euvolemic state when macro-hemodynamic parameters were maintained. If adequate perfusion was not achieved with fluid resuscitation, vasopressor and/or inotropic support was used without regard to the MAP target. The target in this group was to increase PPI above 1.4. The 30-day mortality rate, length of hospital stays and in the intensive care unit were evaluated. The study included 100 patients in the control group and 100 in the study group. The 30-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the study group (p = 0.03). Lactate clearance was significantly better in the study group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of hospital and ICU length of stay (p = 0.26 and p = 0.68, respectively). Our study has demonstrated that peripheral perfusion-targeted resuscitation is an innovative and effective approach with the potential to reduce mortality compared to standard methods in the management of sepsis and septic shock.

This review examines the role of bioinspired methods in medicine and their potential for improving human health, as well as in the treatment of various diseases. The authors highlight the genetic algorithm and recommendation systems as one of the main tools used in bioinspired methods. This methodology is considered in various aspects of medical practice, such as diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, sports medicine and selection of the correct treatment. Various areas of application of bioinspired methods in medicine are considered. The authors provide an overview of research and development based on the principles of evolutionary modeling. In addition, ethical, economic, and legal aspects of the use of bioinspired methods in medicine are discussed. An integrated approach and a unigue view on the role of bioinspired methods and means in medical practice is presented, which reflects modern views on the prospects for research and development of this area.

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the neutrinoless μ−→e− conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The Mu2e data-taking plan assumes two running periods, Run I and Run II, separated by an approximately two-year-long shutdown. This paper presents an estimate of the expected Mu2e Run I search sensitivity and includes a detailed discussion of the background sources, uncertainties of their prediction, analysis procedures, and the optimization of the experimental sensitivity. The expected Run I 5σ discovery sensitivity is Rμe=1.2×10−15, with a total expected background of 0.11±0.03 events. In the absence of a signal, the expected upper limit is Rμe<6.2×10−16 at 90% CL. This represents a three order of magnitude improvement over the current experimental limit of Rμe<7×10−13 at 90% CL set by the SINDRUM II experiment.