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"Murphy, Hannah"
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A new order of medicine : the rise of physicians in Reformation Nuremberg
\"The sixteenth century saw an unprecedented growth in the number of educated physicians practicing in German cities. Concentrating on Nuremberg, A New Order of Medicine follows the intertwined careers of municipal physicians as they encountered the challenges of the Reformation city for the first time. Although conservative in their professed Galenism, these men were eclectic in their practices, which ranged from book collecting to botany to subversive anatomical experimentations. Their interests and ambitions lead to local controversy. Over a twenty-year campaign, apothecaries were wrested from their place at the forefront of medical practice, no longer able to innovate remedies, while physicians, recent arrivals in the city, established themselves as the leading authorities. Examining archives, manuscript records, printed texts, and material and visual sources, and considering a wide range of diseases, Hannah Murphy offers the first systematic interpretation of the growth of elite medical “practice,” its relationship to Galenic theory, and the emergence of medical order in the contested world of the German city\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Understanding Immune Responses to Lassa Virus Infection and to Its Candidate Vaccines
Lassa fever (LF) is a deadly viral hemorrhagic fever disease that is endemic in several countries in West Africa. It is caused by Lassa virus (LASV), which has been estimated to be responsible for approximately 300,000 infections and 5000 deaths annually. LASV is a highly pathogenic human pathogen without effective therapeutics or FDA-approved vaccines. Here, we aim to provide a literature review of the current understanding of the basic mechanism of immune responses to LASV infection in animal models and patients, as well as to several of its candidate vaccines.
Journal Article
I've got feet! : fantastical feet of the animal world
\"Animals around the world describe unique features of their feet and how they use them. From webbed feet to sticky feet, hooved feet to bright blue feet, young readers are introduced to animal adaptions in this nonfiction picture book\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Correction: Murphy, H.; Ly, H. Understanding Immune Responses to Lassa Virus Infection and to Its Candidate Vaccines. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1668
The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...]
Journal Article
I've got eyes! : exceptional eyes of the animal world
\"Animals in varied habitats describe unique features of their eyes and how they are adapted for the jungle, the deep ocean, the desert, and even the dark. From bulging eyes to hiding eyes, handlebar eyes to double-decker eyes, young readers will learn about the diversity of the animal world in this nonfiction picture book\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Preconception cardiometabolic health in patients seeking fertility services: protocol for a single-site, prospective cohort study
IntroductionWeight loss is often recommended as the primary intervention for infertility in individuals with high body mass index. However, focusing on body mass index might overlook other important factors like cardiometabolic health. This study aims to examine cardiometabolic health in patients seeking fertility treatment and its impact on reproductive outcomes.Methods and analysisA cross-sectional analysis of 800 systematically selected participants (400 couples) will be completed on a single visit to the study site. This session will involve taking blood samples to examine metabolic biomarkers, the completion of questionnaires assessing preconception health factors and an exercise ‘step test’ to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Metabolic panels will be compared with target values and, where available, normative population data. Fitness data will be transformed into normative percentile values based on the participant’s age and sex. Patients will be followed for 2 years to allow yearly data collection related to conception, gestation and parturition. Associations between cardiometabolic health during the preconception phase and reproductive outcomes will be examined.Ethics and disseminationThe Newfoundland and Labrador Health Research Ethics Board has provided ethical approval for this study (HREB #20230825). Each patient will be required to give written consent prior to any data collection. We will share study findings at conferences and submit manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals. Additionally, we will create knowledge translation presentations for Newfoundland and Labrador Fertility Services and Family Practice Clinics.
Journal Article
Environmental control on the productivity of a heavily fished ecosystem
Sustainable fisheries management requires an understanding of the links between environmental conditions and fish populations, especially in the context of climate change. From this perspective, identifying the phases in which ocean climate fluctuations and changes in ecosystem productivity coincide could provide a powerful tool to help inform fisheries management. Using more than 70 years of climate and fisheries data, we show that cyclical changes in the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) ecosystems productivity, from primary producers to piscivorous fish, coincide with changes in the regional ocean climate and the atmospheric settings of the northern hemisphere. This broad correspondence between climate and lower and higher trophic levels advances ideas for incorporating environmental knowledge into fisheries management on the NL shelves or in other regions facing similar dynamics.
The climate of the northwest Atlantic shifts between phases, shaping ecosystem productivity and fisheries. Tracking these phases can support climate and ecosystem-informed fisheries management.
Journal Article
The collapse and continued low productivity of a keystone forage fish species
Capelin are a focal forage species in the Northwest Atlantic ecosystem as they act as an energy conduit from lower to higher trophic levels. Fisheries and Oceans Canada determined that the Newfoundland capelin stock (Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Divisions 2J3KL) suffered an order of magnitude decline in biomass in 1990–1991. This collapse was concomitant with drastic changes observed in the ecosystem during the late 1980s and early 1990s. While the results of more than a dozen studies have supported the capelin stock collapse hypothesis, an alternative non-collapse hypothesis proposed that rather than collapsing in 1990–1991, the capelin stock either (1) changed its migratory patterns while the timing of the spring capelin acoustic survey remained constant, leading to a spatio-temporal mismatch between the spring acoustic survey and the stock, or (2) became less migratory and remained inshore year-round, therefore being largely underestimated by the offshore spring and fall acoustic surveys. The collapse and non-collapse hypotheses were tested using multiple independent data sets, which included both fishery-dependent (inshore commercial catch) and fishery-independent (spring and fall acoustic and fall bottom-trawl surveys, capelin larval indices, aerial surveys, predator diet and behavior) data, and diverse statistical methods. The weight of evidence approach led us to reject the non-collapse hypothesis and conclude that the Newfoundland capelin stock did collapse in 1990–1991 with minimal recovery over the subsequent 3 decades.
Journal Article
Transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances the specificity of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a critical narrative review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that involves attacks of inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage, with variable but continuous disability accumulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to characterize conduction loss and axonal damage in the corticospinal tract. TMS as a technique provides indices of corticospinal tract function that may serve as putative MS biomarkers. To date, no reviews have directly addressed the diagnostic performance of TMS in MS. The authors aimed to conduct a critical narrative review on the diagnostic performance of TMS in MS.
The authors searched the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies that reported the sensitivity and/or specificity of any reported TMS technique compared to established clinical MS diagnostic criteria. Studies were summarized and critically appraised for their quality and validity.
Seventeen of 1,073 records were included for data extraction and critical appraisal. Markers of demyelination and axonal damage-most notably, central motor conduction time (CMCT)-were specific, but not sensitive, for MS. Thirteen (76%), two (12%), and two (12%) studies exhibited high, unclear, and low risk of bias, respectively. No study demonstrated validity for TMS techniques as diagnostic biomarkers in MS.
CMCT has the potential to: (1) enhance the specificity of clinical MS diagnostic criteria by \"ruling in\" true-positives, or (2) revise a diagnosis from relapsing to progressive forms of MS. However, there is presently insufficient high-quality evidence to recommend any TMS technique in the diagnostic algorithm for MS.
Journal Article
Associations between neighborhood stress and maternal sex steroid hormones in pregnancy
Background
Neighborhood stressors (e.g., crime and deprivation) have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth and low birth weight. A potential mechanism is disruption of maternal endocrine pathways. While stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) have received much attention, other relevant hormones, including sex steroids, have been overlooked.
Methods
Pregnant women in the Understanding Pregnancy Signals and Infant Development (UPSIDE) study contributed biospecimens, questionnaires, and medical record data (n = 262). In each trimester, maternal serum total testosterone [TT], estrone, estradiol, and estriol were measured using LC/MS-MS and serum free testosterone was measured by equilibrium dialysis. In the third trimester, participants reported on neighborhood stress over the last year through the validated City Stress Inventory. We examined two subscales: 11-item neighborhood disorder (e.g., vacant buildings, crime) and 7-item exposure to violence (personal experiences of violence). Composite scores were calculated and examined categorically (quartile (Q) for neighborhood disorder and any/none for exposure to violence). We fitted linear mixed models examining associations between neighborhood stressors and sex steroid hormones across pregnancy as well as trimester-specific linear regression models, all adjusting for confounders. Secondarily, we stratified by fetal sex. Results are presented as percentage change (∆%) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in hormones.
Results
Most participants (73%) reported one or more exposures to neighborhood disorder; 22% reported any exposure to violence. In adjusted models, neighborhood disorder was associated with higher TT across pregnancy (Q2: %∆= 37.3, 95%CI: 13.2, 66.5; Q3: %∆= 22.2, 95%CI: 1.2, 47.5; and Q4: %∆= 25.7, 95%CI: 1.6, 55.3), with the strongest associations observed in the third trimester (Q2: %∆= 38.0, 95%CI: 10.6, 72.1; Q3: %∆= 29.2, 95%CI: 4.4, 59.9; and Q4: %∆=33.4, 95%CI: 4.9, 69.6). In stratified models, neighborhood disorder was associated with higher TT among women carrying male fetuses (%∆ range: 48.2–84.8). Exposure to violence was not associated with any hormones.
Conclusion
Neighborhood disorder is associated with higher maternal testosterone levels, which may have implications for maternal and child health. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which neighborhood stress impacts endocrine physiology.
Journal Article