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Recent History of Upgrades to the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network
The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) underwent a complete sensor upgrade in 2013 followed by a central processor upgrade in 2015. These upgrades produced about a factor-of-5 improvement in the detection efficiency of cloud lightning flashes and about one additional cloud pulse geolocated per flash. However, they also reaggravated a historical problem with the tendency to misclassify a population of low-current positive discharges as cloud-to-ground strokes when, in fact, most are probably cloud pulses. Furthermore, less than 0.1% of events were poorly geolocated because the contributing sensor data were either improperly associated or simply underutilized by the geolocation algorithm. To address these issues, Vaisala developed additional improvements to the central processing system, which became operational on 7 November 2018. This paper describes updates to the NLDN between 2013 and 2018 and then focuses on the effects of classification algorithm changes and a simple means to normalize classification across upgrades.
Journal Article
Anton and Cecil : cats on track
When cat brothers Anton and Cecil receive a message of distress from Hieronymus, they set out to rescue their rodent friend, catching a train going West--and on the way they will encounter huge bison, chattering prairie dogs, hungry coyotes, and the most dangerous creature of all: a boy who wants to make Cecil his pet.
Book
A Multiyear CONUS‐Wide Analysis of Lightning Strikes to Wind Turbines
Lightning strikes to wind turbines (WTs) pose significant hazards and operational costs to the renewable wind industry. These strikes fall into two categories: downward cloud‐to‐ground (CG) strokes and upward discharges, which can be self‐initiated or triggered by a nearby flash. The incidence of each type of strike depends on several factors, including the electrical structure of the thunderstorm and turbine height. The strike rates of CG strokes and triggered upward lightning can be normalized by the amount of local lightning activity, where the constant of proportionality carries units of area and is often termed the collection area. This paper introduces a statistical analysis technique that uses lightning locating system (LLS) data to estimate the collection areas for downward and triggered upward lightning strikes to WTs. The technique includes a normalization method that addresses the confounding factor of neighboring WTs. This analysis method is applied to 7 years of data from the National Lightning Detection NetworkTM $$ {}^{\\mathrm{TM}} $$and the US WT Database to investigate the dependence of collection areas on blade tip height. The results are compared against estimates of collection areas derived from counts of LLS‐detected CG strokes close to WTs.
Journal Article
Anton and Cecil : cats aloft
\"Cat brothers Anton and Cecil team up with a police dog to search for missing puppies at the Chicago World's Fair in the thrilling final installment to the series\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Mice Lacking Natural Killer T Cells Are More Susceptible to Metabolic Alterations following High Fat Diet Feeding
Current estimates suggest that over one-third of the adult population has metabolic syndrome and three-fourths of the obese population has non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Inflammation in metabolic tissues has emerged as a universal feature of obesity and its co-morbidities, including NAFLD. Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of innate immune cells that abundantly reside within the liver and are readily activated by lipid antigens. There is general consensus that NKT cells are pivotal regulators of inflammation; however, disagreement exists as to whether NKT cells exert pathogenic or suppressive functions in obesity. Here we demonstrate that CD1d(-/-) mice, which lack NKT cells, were more susceptible to weight gain and fatty liver following high fat diet (HFD) feeding. Compared with their WT counterparts, CD1d(-/-) mice displayed increased adiposity and greater induction of inflammatory genes in the liver suggestive of the precursors of NAFLD. Calorimetry studies revealed a significant increase in food intake and trends toward decreased metabolic rate and activity in CD1d(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Based on these findings, our results suggest that NKT cells play a regulatory role that helps to prevent diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction and may play an important role in mechanisms governing cross-talk between metabolism and the immune system to regulate energy balance and liver health.
Journal Article
Knaves over queens
As the alien Xenovirus reaches Britain, Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, now gifted with extraordinary longevity, joins with Alan Turing to set up a special organization, the Order of the Silver Helix, to outmaneuver the terrifying mutations of the virus in Britain.
BOOK
Lightning locating systems: Insights on characteristics and validation techniques
Ground‐based and satellite‐based lightning locating systems are the most common ways to detect and geolocate lightning. Depending upon the frequency range of operation, LLSs may report a variety of processes and characteristics associated with lightning flashes including channel formation, leader pulses, cloud‐to‐ground return strokes, M‐components, ICC pulses, cloud lightning pulses, location, duration, peak current, peak radiated power and energy, and full spatial extent of channels. Lightning data from different types of LLSs often provide complementary information about thunderstorms. For all the applications of lightning data, it is critical to understand the information that is provided by various lightning locating systems in order to interpret it correctly and make the best use of it. In this study, we summarize the various methods to geolocate lightning, both ground‐based and satellite‐based, and discuss the characteristics of lightning data available from various sources. The performance characteristics of lightning locating systems are determined by their ability to geolocate lightning events accurately with high detection efficiency and with low false detections and report various features of lightning correctly. Different methods or a combination of methods may be used to validate the performance characteristics of different types of lightning locating systems. We examine these methods and their applicability in validating the performance characteristics of different LLS types. Key Points Ground‐based and satellite‐based lightning data are complementary in nature Validation is critical to properly utilizing LLS data in applications Various validation techniques can be used to evaluate the performance of LLSs
Journal Article
Mississippi roll
Now on its final voyage, the historical steamboat Natchez is known for her super-powered guest entertainers. But after the suspicious death of a crew member, retired NY police detective Leo Storgman decides to make this incident his personal case. His findings only lead to a growing number of questions. Is there some truth behind the ghostly sightings of the steamboat's first captain Wilbur Leathers? What secret does the current captain seem to be hiding? And could the Natchez be ferrying mysterious - and possibly dangerous - cargo onboard?
Book
Advantages of a Truly Open-Access Data-Sharing Model
There are many models for sharing clinical-trial data. These investigators provide their viewpoint on why an open-data model has value over others.
Multi-institutional randomized clinical trials have been a feature of oncology research in the United States since the 1950s. Since that time, cancer-treatment trials have been continuously funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) through a program that has evolved to become the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN). Currently, approximately 19,000 patients with cancer participate in NCTN clinical trials each year. Approximately 70,000 additional patients with cancer are enrolled each year in treatment trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry.
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It is important to honor and reward the altruism of patients who participate in clinical trials. One way to do so . . .
Journal Article