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We present a theoretical and numerical study of Fourier-space triad phase dynamics in the one-dimensional stochastically forced Burgers equation at Reynolds number $Re\\approx 2.7\\times 10^{4}$ . We demonstrate that Fourier triad phases over the inertial range display a collective behaviour characterised by intermittent periods of synchronisation and alignment, reminiscent of the Kuramoto model (Chemical Oscillations, Waves, and Turbulence, Springer, 1984) and directly related to collisions of shocks in physical space. These periods of synchronisation favour efficient energy fluxes across the inertial range towards small scales, resulting in strong bursts of dissipation and enhanced coherence of the Fourier energy spectrum. The fast time scale of the onset of synchronisation relegates energy dynamics to a passive role: this is further examined using a reduced system with the Fourier amplitudes fixed in time – a phase-only model. We show that intermittent triad phase dynamics persists without amplitude evolution and we broadly recover many of the characteristics of the full Burgers system. In addition, for both full Burgers and phase-only systems the physical-space velocity statistics reveals that triad phase alignment is directly related to the non-Gaussian statistics typically associated with structure-function intermittency in turbulent systems.

Though the hippocampus typically has been implicated in processes related to associative binding, special types of associations--such as those created by integrative mental imagery--may be supported by processes implemented in other medial temporal-lobe or sensory processing regions. Here, we investigated what neural mechanisms underlie the formation and subsequent retrieval of integrated mental images, and whether those mechanisms differ based on the emotionality of the integration (i.e., whether it contains an emotional item or not). Participants viewed pairs of words while undergoing a functional MRI scan. They were instructed to imagine the two items separately from one another (\"non-integrative\" study) or as a single, integrated mental image (\"integrative\" study). They provided ratings of how successful they were at generating vivid images that fit the instructions. They were then given a surprise associative recognition test, also while undergoing an fMRI scan. The cuneus showed parametric correspondence to increasing imagery success selectively during encoding and retrieval of emotional integrations, while the parahippocampal gyri and prefrontal cortices showed parametric correspondence during the encoding and retrieval of non-emotional integrations. Connectivity analysis revealed that selectively during negative integration, left amygdala activity was negatively correlated with frontal and hippocampal activity. These data indicate that individuals utilize two different neural routes for forming and retrieving integrations depending on their emotional content, and they suggest a potentially disruptive role for the amygdala on frontal and medial-temporal regions during negative integration.

A special type of association, called a \"unitization,\" is formed when pieces of information are encoded as a single representation in memory (e.g., \"shirt\" and \"blue\" are encoded as a \"blue shirt\"; Graf and Schacter, 1989) and typically are later reactivated in memory as a single unit, allowing access to the features of multiple related stimuli at once (Bader et al., 2010; Diana et al., 2011). This review examines the neural processes supporting memory for unitizations and how the emotional content of the material may influence unitization. Although associative binding is typically reliant on hippocampal processes and supported by recollection, the first part of this review will present evidence to suggest that when two items are unitized into a single representation, memory for those bound items may be accomplished on the basis of familiarity and without reliance on the hippocampus. The second part of this review discusses how emotion may affect the processes that give rise to unitizations. Emotional information typically receives a mnemonic benefit over neutral information, but the literature is mixed on whether the presence of emotional information impedes or enhances the associative binding of neutral information (reviewed by Mather, 2007). It has been suggested that the way the emotional and neutral details are related together may be critical to whether the neutral details are enhanced or impeded (Mather, 2007; Mather and Sutherland, 2011). We focus on whether emotional arousal aids or inhibits the creation of a unitized representation, presenting preliminary data, and future directions to test empirically the effects of forming and retrieving emotional and neutral unitizations.

In daily life, emotional events are often discussed with others. The influence of these social interactions on the veracity of emotional memories has rarely been investigated. The authors (Choi, Kensinger, & Rajaram Memory and Cognition , 41, 403–415, 2013 ) previously demonstrated that when the categorical relatedness of information is controlled, emotional items are more accurately remembered than neutral items. The present study examined whether emotion would continue to improve the accuracy of memory when individuals discussed the emotional and neutral events with others. Two different paradigms involving social influences were used to investigate this question and compare evidence. In both paradigms, participants studied stimuli that were grouped into conceptual categories of positive (e.g., celebration), negative (e.g., funeral), or neutral (e.g., astronomy) valence. After a 48-hour delay, recognition memory was tested for studied items and categorically related lures. In the first paradigm, recognition accuracy was compared when memory was tested individually or in a collaborative triad. In the second paradigm, recognition accuracy was compared when a prior retrieval session had occurred individually or with a confederate who supplied categorically related lures. In both of these paradigms, emotional stimuli were remembered more accurately than were neutral stimuli, and this pattern was preserved when social interaction occurred. In fact, in the first paradigm, there was a trend for collaboration to increase the beneficial effect of emotion on memory accuracy, and in the second paradigm, emotional lures were significantly less susceptible to the “social contagion” effect. Together, these results demonstrate that emotional memories can be more accurate than nonemotional ones even when events are discussed with others (Experiment 1) and even when that discussion introduces misinformation (Experiment 2).

This Short Review critically evaluates three hypotheses about the effects of emotion on memory: First, emotion usually enhances memory. Second, when emotion does not enhance memory, this can be understood by the magnitude of physiological arousal elicited, with arousal benefiting memory to a point but then having a detrimental influence. Third, when emotion facilitates the processing of information, this also facilitates the retention of that same information. For each of these hypotheses, we summarize the evidence consistent with it, present counter-evidence suggesting boundary conditions for the effect, and discuss the implications for future research. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

Research has demonstrated that when discrete pieces of information are integrated together at encoding—imagining two items together as a single entity, for example—there is a mnemonic benefit for their relationship. A separate body of literature has indicated that the presence of emotional information can have an impact on the binding of associated neutral details, in some cases facilitating associative binding (MacKay et al. Memory and Cognition 32:474–488, 2004 ; Mather, Perspectives on Psychological Science 2:33–52, 2007 ), and in other cases impeding the processing of associated details (Easterbrook, Psychological Review 66:183–201, 1959 ; Kensinger, Emotion Review 1:99–113, 2009 ). In the present experiments, we investigated how memory for neutral words is affected by the emotionality of the information with which they are presented (whether with an emotional word or a second neutral word) and the encoding context (integrated or nonintegrated strategy). Participants viewed word pairs and were instructed to visualize the items as an integrated unit or to visualize them separately from one another. The results of Experiment 1 showed a disproportionate mnemonic benefit for neutral items that were integrated with other neutral items over those integrated with emotional items. The results of Experiments 2A and 2B showed that this effect interacted with encoding time: When given 2 s to encode, participants showed no effect of integration on memory for neutral–neutral pairs, but showed a significant mnemonic benefit for integrating emotional–neutral pairs. When given 4 or 6 s, the integrative benefit increased significantly for neutral–neutral pairs but decreased for emotional–neutral pairs. These results suggest that creating an integrated mental image of two neutral items requires a more time-consuming process than integrating an emotional and a neutral item, but that extra effort may result in a downstream mnemonic benefit.

Investigating the damage progression in carbon/epoxy composites is still a challenging task, even after years of analysis and study. Especially when multiaxial stress states occur, the development of damage is a stochastic phenomenon. In the current work, a combined nondestructive methodology is proposed in order to investigate the damage from the static tensile loading of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Flat angle-ply laminates are used to examine the influence of multiaxial stress states on the mechanical performance. In situ microscopy is combined with acoustic emission in order to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate the damage sequence in the laminates. At the same time, digital image correlation is used as a supporting tool for strain measurements and damage indications. Significant conclusions are drawn, highlighting the dominant influence of shear loading, leading to the deduction that the development of accurate damage criteria is of paramount importance. The data presented in the current manuscript is used during ongoing research as input for the damage characterization of the same material under fatigue loads.

Inhaled hypertonic saline (HTS) treatment is used to improve lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The current consensus is that the treatment generates an osmotic gradient that draws water into the airways and increases airway surface liquid (ASL) volume. However, there is evidence that HTS may also stimulate active secretion of ASL by airway epithelia through the activation of sensory neurons. We tested the contribution of the nervous system and airway epithelia on HTS-stimulated ASL height increase in CF and wild-type swine airway. We used synchrotron-based imaging to investigate whether airway neurons and epithelia are involved in HTS treatment-triggered ASL secretion in CFTR −/− and wild-type swine. We showed that blocking parasympathetic and sensory neurons in airway resulted in ~50% reduction of the effect of HTS treatment on ASL volume in vivo . Incubating tracheal preparations with inhibitors of epithelial ion transport across airway decreased secretory responses to HTS treatment. CFTR −/− swine ex-vivo tracheal preparations showed substantially decreased secretory response to HTS treatment after blockage of neuronal activity. Our results indicated that HTS-triggered ASL secretion is partially mediated by the stimulation of airway neurons and the subsequent activation of active epithelia secretion; osmosis accounts for only ~50% of the effect.

We present the methodology of the Total Diet Study (TDS-Zagreb) conducted in the City of Zagreb, on which an estimation of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in male adolescents in the ongoing PyrOPECh cohort study (HrZZ-IP-2019-04-7193; https://pyropech.imi.hr/index.php/project-summary-sazetak/ ) will be based. In the first phase, a list of core foods was extracted from the EFSA’s Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, using food consumption data for the adult Croatian population. Due to the lack of data for Croatian adolescents, the list was modified using the data for adolescents from the Slovenian food consumption survey. In total, 169 items were mapped and categorised into 18 food groups. Types of consumed foods did not differ much between Croatian adults and Slovenian adolescents. For most of the food groups coverage was at least 95% of the diet. Observed differences for water-based desserts and seasoning and sauces intake were specific for the respective national cuisine. Since the intake of coffee drinks and wine was typically higher in the adult population and older adolescents, these items were excluded from the sampling list. Additionally, specific food (mainly fruits and vegetables) with low intake, but which are expected to be important contributors to pesticide exposure, were added to the list. In the second phase, food was purchased and prepared “ as consumed ”. Three to 5 subsamples were pooled into a composite sample, homogenised, and stored at − 20 °C until analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this type of study has never been conducted in south-eastern European countries, including Croatia. Graphical Abstract