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Iraqi women's struggle for equal rights has been shaped by similar circumstances and factors in both past and present. Since the founding of the Iraqi nation–state, ruling elites have repeatedly traded women's rights for building alliances with tribal and religious conservative forces in the interest of sustaining power. There was some progress in the areas of personal status and family law as well as women's access to education and the labor market throughout the years from the revolution of 1958 to the 1980s. Women's status declined dramatically during the 1990s due to intermittent wars, economic sanctions, repressive policies of the Baʿthist regime, and eroding state structures. Similar developments are notable since the toppling of that regime in 2003 at the hands of a US-led invasion. The selling rhetoric of liberating Iraqi women was quickly debunked when women's rights were de-prioritized and sacrificed for the sake of maintaining order and security, giving way for tribal and Islamist powers to control and discipline women. Iraqi women have been grappling with a new reality marked by a lack of security, an ethno-sectarian muḥāṣaṣa (quota-based) system, conflict, terrorist groups and militias, rampant corruption, the fragile rule of law, and the erosion of Iraqi institutions. All of these have allowed for the (re)emergence of different forms of patriarchies and masculinities, compounded by the empowerment of tribal and religious authorities, contributing to an increase in various forms of gender-based violence.

The effective analysis and specification of requirements is critical in software development. Faults in the requirements may have significant impact on the quality of the software system. Use cases describe and analyze requirements in many current Object Oriented (OO) development methodologies, and can serve as a means for developers to communicate with different stakeholders. However, issues concerning use case format and level of detail are unclear and debatable. This study uses theories from cognitive psychology on how humans understand text and diagrams to investigate the effect of use case model format on end user understanding. An experiment to assess the performance of novices when using different use case formats indicated that for tasks that required only surface understanding of the use case model, the provision of diagrams along with the textual use case descriptions significantly improved comprehension performance in both familiar and unfamiliar application domains. However, the author found no statistically significant difference in performance between simple and detailed diagrams, suggesting that the provision of simple diagrams along with textual use case descriptions might be sufficient to support the negotiation and communication on system requirements between novice end-users and system analysts.

This thesis provides an original contribution to ongoing research on so-called Islamic State (‘IS’) by using a multiple case-study approach to offer an in-depth analysis of Arabic and English language narratives related to four atrocities committed by the group: (1) the mass killing of hundreds of Iraqi soldiers, known as the Speicher massacre, (2) the captivity and sexual enslavement of Ezidi girls, known in Arabic as sabi, (3) the executions of a number of western, Arab, and Kurd victims, and (4) the destruction of cultural artefacts in Nineveh province. The analysis engages with the discourses of ‘IS’, western, Arabic, Iranian, and Kurdish media, survivors, ‘IS’s’ religious opponents, and other actors. The dissertation uses a social narrative theory as its conceptual framework that I seek to develop by focusing on the fragmentation in narratives, on one hand, and on the multimodal resources through which narratives circulate, on the other. To this end, I combine the theory with Boje’s (2001) notion of antenarrative and Kress’(2009) understanding of the three resources of discourse, genre, and mode, to investigate ways in which narratives first unfold and how they later change as they are translated. Translation is understood in the thesis as a multi-directional movement that simultaneously takes place across multiple resources without necessarily crossing language boundaries. The findings of this study reveal that the aforementioned resources contribute to transforming narratives. In translation, ‘IS’s’ narratives can be delegitimized and confronted, or the opposite. Examining the changes in these narratives as they are translated in multiple directions is a novel contribution to the field of translation studies in relation to the digital media environment.

This research delves into the primary factors driving athletes, specifically master swimmers, to Qatar for competitive sports events. Employing a discrete choice survey methodology, hypothetical event packages were crafted to mimic athletes' decision-making processes in selecting their travel options. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews administered to 175 individuals experienced in aquatics. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Smart-PLS software was utilized to explore the relationship between travel motivations and two key outcomes: the intention to visit Qatar and overall satisfaction with the Masters Aquatics Championship 2024, as well as the mediating influence of satisfaction. The findings underscored the significant impact of motivators such as the pursuit of stimulation, novelty, and escapism on both athletes' intent to visit Qatar and their satisfaction with the event. Conversely, motivations tied to competitive social status and the desire for victory exhibited varying levels of influence, with the latter exerting a lesser impact on travel intentions.

The study we estimated the shape parameter () of kumaraswamy distribution depending on classical method which is presented by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods under symmetric and asymmetric loss function (Squared error. Absolute error and Linex error) when the other shape parameter (=2) known. Mean Squared Error (MSE) of estimators are calculated and compared for small (n= 10,20), medium (n=50) and large (n=100) samples using simulated data sets. We observed that Bayes estimator under absolute loss function gives smallest values of MSE and hence they are preferred estimators for all sample size.

While new security plans are often announced, they are mostly routine and lack an effective strategy to prevent or, at least, minimise the number of car bombs and other attacks. Redistributing and re-coordinating responsibilities in the Baghdad Operations Center, Ministry of Defense, Interior Ministry, and national security institutions.