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Investigations concerning novel drugs and their induced degradation products are necessary for clinical research and quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Four spectrophotometric techniques have been performed for simultaneous quantitation of Vericiguat (VER) and its alkali-induced degradation product (ADP) without prior separation. Method A is a dual wavelength method (DW) that estimates the absorbance difference at 314–328 nm, and 246–262 nm for VER and ADP; respectively. Method B uses a ratio difference method (RD) to estimate the ratio spectrum’s amplitude difference (DP 318-342 ) and (DP 284-292 ) for VER and ADP; respectively. Method C uses a first derivative ratio method ( 1 DD) to estimate the peak ratio spectrum amplitude of the first derivative at 318 and 275 nm for VER and ADP; respectively. Method D uses the mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR) to estimate amplitude values for VER and ADP at 337 and 292 nm; respectively. In a concentration range of 5.00–50.00 µg/mL for VER and 5.00–100.00 µg/mL for ADP, the methods were validated following ICH criteria and utilized to estimate VER in bulk and its dosage form. The methods’ greenness was assessed via three tools: the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and analytical greenness assessment (AGREE).

Mutations in MLC1 cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a rare form of leukodystrophy characterized by macrocephaly, epilepsy, spasticity, and slow mental deterioration. Genetic studies of MLC are lacking from many parts of the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Genomic DNA was extracted for 67 leukodystrophic patients from 43 Sudanese families. Mutations were screened using the NGS panel testing 139 leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies causing genes (NextSeq500 Illumina). Five homozygous MLC1 variants were discovered in seven patients from five distinct families, including three consanguineous families from the same region of Sudan. Three variants were missense (c.971 T > G, p.Ile324Ser; c.344 T > C, p.Phe115Ser; and c.881 C > T, p.Pro294Leu), one duplication (c.831_838dupATATCTGT, p.Ser280Tyrfs*8), and one synonymous/splicing-site mutation (c.762 C > T, p.Ser254). The segregation pattern was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. The clinical presentation and brain MRI of the seven affected patients were consistent with the diagnosis of MLC1. Due to the high frequency of distinct MLC1 mutations found in our leukodystrophic Sudanese families, we analyzed the coding sequence of MLC1 gene in 124 individuals from the Sudanese genome project in comparison with the 1000-genome project. We found that Sudan has the highest proportion of deleterious variants in MLC1 gene compared with other populations from the 1000-genome project.

Qatar has recently expanded its museum sector as part of its strategy for economic diversification and tourism enhancement, as well as to fulfill its ideological aspirations for identity formation, heritage, and national branding. The National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) represents an iconic cultural institution that embodies such objectives through its innovative architectural design and immersive storytelling. This thesis explores an architectural analysis of the NMoQ, examining how itsspatial organization, materiality, and exhibition strategies reflect the cultural character, national identity, and history of Qatar. This study employs a qualitative methodology, including literature sources, site observations, case study analysis, and architectural theories. Employing theoretical frameworks such as Francis Ching's concepts of spatial organization and Catherine Dee's notion of architectural “fabric,” the research explains the use of form, space, and urban context in the museum’s design. This study reveals the significance of the NMoQ as a tool for nation-building, heritage preservation, and community engagement. Designed by renowned architect Jean Nouvel, the museum's striking form was inspired by the native desert rose, symbolizing Qatar's geological and cultural heritage. The study highlights that the NMoQ is not only an architectural landmark but also a tool for cultural education, storytelling, and national branding. The interlocking disc structure showcases a fusion of organic inspiration and contemporary construction techniques, reflecting Qatar's commitment to balancing tradition and modernity, and local and global aspirations. The study concludes that museum architecture offers valuable insights into future cultural developments and how museum architecture in the Gulf region and beyond can reflect identity and change.

The first isolation of thermally stable carbene and the first catalytic application of Pd-NHC complexes as a catalyst in Heck coupling reaction blossomed tremendous growth in the field of organometallic synthesis. While a large number of NHC complexes have been prepared using precious metals as catalysts, there is currently a growing interest to develop the complexes of cost-effective non-noble metals, specifically copper. After the first application of coper-NHC complexes in catalysis by Woodward in 2001, numerous CuI-NHC systems have been developed mainly with mono-NHC ligands. In contrast to mono-NHC and despite the enhanced stability of complexes with bis- or poly-NHC ligands due to chelating effect, the examples of structurally characterized Cu-bis(NHC) systems of lower nuclearity are very limited. Herein, we describe the synthesis of seven new Cu(I) complexes with pincer N-heterocyclic carbene ligands of the type 2,6-bis(3-alkylimidazole-2-ylidene)pyridine, I-(R)CNC, and 2,6-bis(3-alkylimidazole-2-ylidene)methylpyridine, I-(R)C^N^C, where R = Me, Et, iPr, tBu groups. All complexes, namely, [Cu2-I(Me)2CNC](PF6)2, 1; [Cu2-I(Et)2CNC](PF6)2, 2; [Cu2-I(iPr)2CNC](PF6)2, 3; [Cu-I(IMe)C^N^C](PF6), 4; [Cu-I(IMe)C^N^C](PF6), 5; [Cu-I(IMe)C^N^C](PF6), 6; [Cu-I(IMe) C^N^C](PF6), 7, have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, solution conductivity, electrochemical studies and their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography except for complex 1. The crystallographic data reveal a binuclear structure containing two Cu atoms at close distance for all the complexes except 5 and 7 showed as a unique mononuclear structure. Solution-state conductivity data reveal a dominant 1:2 electrolyte behavior for complexes 1−3 but 1:1 electrolyte for 4−6, consistent with the sustainable structure in solution of CuI-I(R)CNC complexes. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry studies demonstrate quasi-reversible and two irreversible peaks for the one-electron oxidation of solvent-bound and solvent-free binuclear and mononuclear Cu-NHC species in complexes 1−3. In contrast, the cyclic voltammetry of the 4−6 complexes showed a unique reversible CuII/CuI redox couples.The application of the synthesized pincer Cu-NHC (4−7) complexes was examined as catalysts in C−C (Sonogashira−like) and C−N (Ullmann−type) cross-coupling reactions. In the case of Sonogashira-like coupling, broad range of electronically and sterically diverse substrates have been examined which offered moderate to excellent yields. Unlike other copper catalysts that require an inert atmosphere to prevent alkyne homocoupling, the Cu-pincer bis(NHC) complexes provided good to excellent cross-coupling yields in air . Some mechanistic studies to verify the structure and reactivity of Cu-oxygen adducts were also examined. In addition, The C−N coupling of imidazole is also opening up the application to facilitate the synthesis of diverse imidazole as building blocks of pincer bis-imidazolium slats.

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the significant role of oxidative stress in chronic diseases, underscores the urgent need to identify novel multifunctional agents from natural sources to combat these issues. Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) is a well-known medicinal plant; however, comprehensive and standardized evaluations of its extracts are limited. This study provides an integrated pharmacological evaluation of an 80% ethanolic extract of clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) buds. Phytochemical characterization revealed a rich composition, including high levels of total flavonoids (65.56 ± 0.05 mg QE/g) and phenolics (15.50 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), along with alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenes content. The extract exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against five standard strains ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Bacillus subtilis , and Candida albicans ), with inhibition zones ranging from 12.0 to 16.3 mm at 100 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 390 to 780 µg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) ratios (≤ 4) confirmed a cidal mechanism of action. Activity Index analysis further highlighted its relative efficacy, demonstrating superior activity to erythromycin against E. coli (AI = 1.03) and moderate activity against other pathogens. In the antioxidant assessment, the extract outperformed the standard propyl gallate, showing 91 ± 0.03% DPPH radical scavenging activity and a significantly lower IC₅₀ (6.09 µg/mL vs. 17.39 µg/mL). Preliminary toxicity screening using the brine shrimp lethality assay indicated a favorable safety margin, with an LD₅₀ of 882.97 µg/mL (classified as slightly toxic), which was markedly higher (less toxic) than that of the control drug etoposide (LD₅₀ = 7.46 µg/mL). These findings underscore the potential of clove extract as a multifunctional natural agent against microbial infections and oxidative stress, offering a promising alternative for combating antimicrobial resistance.

Antioxidants have valuable effects on the process of spermatogenesis, particularly with diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, the present study investigated the impact and the intracellular mechanisms by which thymoquinone (TQ) works against diabetes-induced testicular deteriorations in rats. Wistar male rats (n = 60) were randomly allocated into four groups; Control, Diabetic (streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats where diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ, 65 mg/kg), Diabetic + TQ (diabetic rats treated with TQ (50 mg/kg) orally once daily), and TQ (non-diabetic rats treated with TQ) for 12 weeks. Results revealed that TQ significantly improved the sperm parameters with a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in testicular tissue. Also, it increased testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Interestingly, TQ induced downregulation of testicular inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and significantly upregulated the aromatase protein expression levels in testicles in comparison with the diabetic rats. In conclusion, TQ treatment exerted a protective effect against reproductive dysfunction induced by diabetes not only through its powerful antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects but also through its downregulation of testicular iNOS and NF-κB along with upregulation of aromatase expression levels in diabetic rats.

A serious challenge of the chronic administration of dexamethasone (DEX) is a delay in wound healing. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of Tadalafil (TAD)-loaded proniosomal gel to accelerate the healing process of skin wounds in DEX-challenged rabbits. Skin wounds were induced in 48 rabbits of 4 groups (n = 12 per group) and skin wounds were treated by sterile saline (control), TAD-loaded proniosomal gel topically on skin wound, DEX-injected rabbits, and DEX+TAD-loaded proniosomal gel for 4 weeks. The optical photography, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro release profile, and stability studies revealed the successful preparation of the selected formula with good stability. DEX administration was associated with uncontrolled oxido-inflammatory reactions, suppression in immune response in skin wounds, and consequently failure in the healing process. TAD-loaded proniosomal gel-treated rabbits manifested a marked enhancement in the rate of wound closure than control and DEX groups (p < 0.05). The TAD-loaded proniosomal gel successfully antagonized the impacts of DEX by dampening MDA production, and enhancing total antioxidant capacity, coupled with modulation of inflammatory-related genes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and matrix metalloproteinase 9, during all healing stages (p < 0.05). This was in combination with significant amplification of immune response-related genes, CD68 and CD163 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the histopathological, Masson’s Trichrome-stain, and immune-histochemical studies indicated a successful tissue recovery with the formation of new blood vessels in groups treated with TAD-loaded proniosomal gel, as manifested by well-organized collagen fibers, upregulation of transforming growth factor β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor immune expression in skin tissues (p < 0.05). Overall, the topical application of TAD-loaded proniosomal gel is useful in improving the delayed wound healing linked to DEX therapy via regulating the release of inflammatory/macrophage activation mediators and enhanced antioxidant capacity, angiogenesis, and vascularity.

Espresso coffee (EC) is a common coffee preparation technique that nowadays is broadly widespread all over the globe. Its popularity is in part attributed to the intense aroma and pleasant flavor. Many researchers have studied and reviewed the aroma of the coffee, but there is a lack of specific review focused on EC aroma profile even if it is intensively investigated. Thus, the objective of the current review was to summarize the aroma profile of EC and how different preparation variables can affect EC flavor. Moreover, a collection of diverse analytical procedures for volatile analysis was also reported. The findings of this survey showed that the volatile fraction of EC is extremely complex, but just some compounds are responsible for the characteristic aroma of the coffee, such as some aldehyde, ketones, furanones, furans, sulfur compounds, pyrazines, etc. In addition, during preparation, some variables, e.g., temperature and pressure of water, granulometry of the coffee particle, and brew ratio, can also modify the aroma profile of this beverage, and therefore its quality. A better understanding of the aroma fraction of EC and how the preparation variables should be adjusted according to desired EC would assist coffee workers in obtaining a higher quality product.

Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.

Strawberries are the most popular berry fruit in the world, due to their distinctive aroma, flavor, and known health properties. Because volatile substances play a large role in strawberry flavor, even little alterations can have a big impact on how the fruit tastes. Strawberries are thought to have a complex aroma. Fresh strawberry fruits contain more than 360 volatile compounds, including esters, furans, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur compounds. Despite having far lower concentrations than esters, terpenoids, furanones, and sulfur compounds, all have a considerable impact on how people perceive the aroma of strawberries. With a focus on the active aroma components and the many analytical methods used to identify them, including gas chromatography, electronic nose sensing, and proton-transfer- reaction mass spectrometry, the present review’s aim was to provide a summary of the relevant literature. Additionally, strawberry fruits are frequently dried to create a powder in order to increase their shelf life. Consequently, the impact of various drying techniques on strawberries’ volatile profile was investigated in the current review. This review can be considered a good reference for research concerning the aroma profile of strawberries. It helps to better understand the complex aroma and flavor of strawberries and provides a guide for the effects of drying processing.