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This paper investigates the genesis of the Productive Series sediments within the uplift zone of Pirallahi Island, focusing on the distribution conditions and lithofacies characteristics of different origins. For this purpose, the lithofacies characteristics and conditions of the Lower Pliocene Productive Series sediments in the Pirallahi Island structure have been analyzed, particularly based on geophysical well logging (GWL) data. Using a significant number of well logging diagrams, the distribution of sand and shale lithologies for the productive horizons were determined, systematically classified, and correlation schemes were established. The research includes a detailed analysis of the sedimentary environments to interpret depositional patterns, integrating GWL data with lithological core analyses where available. The facies analysis on Pirallahi Island has included nearly all the boreholes drilled in the field, with the distribution of facies considered from top to bottom across the study area. In addition, the study includes a quantitative assessment of porosity, permeability and clay content to comprehensively evaluate the reservoir potential. Well log analysis allowed interpretation of the effective porosity of the rocks and their shale content, providing a clearer understanding of reservoir heterogeneity. The main objective of the study reported in this paper is to demonstrate lithofacies variability in both horizontal and vertical directions using cross section and lithofacies modeling techniques. The developed facies model is thus demonstrated on a number of surfaces, providing a predictive framework for identifying favorable reservoir zones. The resulting regularities are discussed, highlighting the implications of facies variability for hydrocarbon exploration and production strategies.

The paper investigates resource, technical, economic and market potential of solar energy and its ecology and economic efficiency in Azerbaijan. The authors have distinguished six regions in the territory of Azerbaijan with different levels of solar radiation. The resource potential of the regions is calculated by the AutoCad program. As well, technical and economic potential was calculated by special methodology. The authors concluded that Azerbaijan has so much solar energy resource potential and it is possible to replace traditional carbon types of energy with solar energy, even by using the modern technical equipment. However, it is impossible because of economic disadvantages and very low electricity prices. The price of 1 kWh electricity from carbon fuels is several times cheaper than 1 kWh electricity from solar energy. That is why it is difficult to attract investments to develop solar power. There is a necessity to develop a new electricity price policy to stimulate attractiveness of solar power for households and industry.

The genus Rutilus is a widely distributed lineage of cyprinids and ranges from West Europe to East Siberia. Although matrilineal phylogeny and phylogeography of western species were already studied, roaches from remaining part of the range were not examined. Phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome b sequences detected the following three major phylogenetic clades: (i) R. frisii , (ii) R. rutilus s. str., and (iii) group of six Ponto–Caspian taxa: R. caspicus , R. heckelii , R. rutilus aralensis , R. rutilus lacustris , R. schelkovnikovi , and R. stoumboudae . Our results suggest that these “species” within Ponto–Caspian clade could be a single species ( R. lacustris by priority of description). The Ponto–Caspian clade is most widely distributed among others and covers the freshwaters from the Aegean Sea basin to Laptev Sea tributaries. Both R. rutilus s. str. and Ponto–Caspian clades sympatrically occur in Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, Azov Sea itself, and even in drainage of White Sea. The vastest zone of contact (approximately 1700 km) was detected in the Volga basin. The spatial pattern of haplotype diversity and the shape of haplotype network argued for multiple refugia in Ponto–Caspian region as well as a rapid post-glacial colonization of Volga River and Siberia.

The aim of this study was to characterize the current environmental state of Lake Zigh, located in the southwest of the Absheron Peninsula. In August and October 2020-2023, a total of 84 samples were collected from Zigh Lake water, bottom sediments, and the soil cover of nearby areas. According to visual observations and physicochemical analyses, the concentration of nutrients exceeds the permissible levels by 2-10 times, while oxygen levels are 5-20 times lower, indicating an intense eutrophication process in the lake. An analysis of heavy metal concentrations in water, bottom sediments, and coastal soil samples revealed the highest and most hazardous levels. The highest levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were observed in the coastal soil compared to water and bottom sediments. The concentration of naphthalene in the soil exceeded the permissible limit by 9-12 times, anthracene by 32-166 times, and benzo(a)pyrene by 30-80 times. To determine the levels of PAHs in the atmospheric air around Lake Zigh, biomonitoring was conducted using moss transplants (Moss Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow), which also revealed high PAH concentrations in the atmosphere. Due to years of negative anthropogenic impact, the ecological balance of the lake has been severely disrupted, leading to the loss of its natural properties. Therefore, urgent action is required from government authorities to implement a comprehensive action plan for the improvement and rehabilitation of Lake Zigh’s ecological condition