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Slowly but surely, a major change is occurring in the way insurance claims are managed - a change that is affecting all levels in the industry, from the executive suite to the individual claims adjuster. The function and technology of claims management, which has traditionally been viewed as a commodity to be purchased at the lowest possible price, is now being recognized as a fundamental competitive advantage to the entire enterprise. The 2 factors that are converging to promote this shift in ideology are: increasingly intense competition resulting from consolidations in insurance and other industries, and improved software technology that provides the capability to deliver efficiency and value to each step of the claims process.

According to the most recent CyberSecurity Watch Survey, conducted by CSO and sponsored by Deloitte, insider attacks are becoming more sophisticated.

Home values have increased greatly over the past 25 years and so have taxes. Many people have refinanced their homes and taxes again increased.

Magma supply from the lower crust is often proposed as a trigger mechanism for volcanic eruptions. The timescales over which magma can be transported from the deepest parts of volcanic systems are, however, poorly constrained. This uncertainty poses problems for the construction of physical models and for assessment of volcanic hazards. Here, we combined geothermobarometry with Bayesian inversion diffusion chronometry on primitive olivine crystals from the Borgarhraun eruption, northern Iceland. We find that magma took about 10 days to ascend from near-Moho storage at 24 km depth before its eruption, and therefore present timescales for transcrustal magma transport on the global spreading ridge system. Our results reveal a rapid connection between the lower and upper crust with melt transport rates of 0.02 to 0.1 m s−1, which are consistent with the propagation rates observed in seismic swarms in the Icelandic lower crust. Monitoring of such events using surface CO2 fluxes may provide one of the earliest indicators that an eruption is imminent. At the high transport rates and low CO2 contents estimated for the Borgarhraun eruption, any effect of rising magma on surface CO2 fluxes is limited to a period of less than two days before eruption.

With reference to your editorial, \"Restore the Postal Service.\" I would like to tell you one thing that is the matter with the postal service. Thirty-nine years ago Mr. Waldemar Putsch, Winona, Minn., entered the railway mail service. Since that time he has passed eighty-six exam-...

The lower crust plays a critical role in the processing of mantle melts and the triggering of volcanic eruptions by supply of magma from greater depth. Our understanding of the deeper parts of magmatic systems is obscured by overprinting of deep signals by shallow processes. We provide a direct estimate of magma residence time in basaltic systems of the deep crust by studying ultramafic nodules from the Borgarhraun eruption in Iceland. Modeling of chromium–aluminum interdiffusion in spinel crystals provides a record of long-term magmatic storage on the order of 1000 years. This places firm constraints on the total crustal residence time of mantle-derived magmas and has important implications for modeling the growth and evolution of transcrustal magmatic systems.

Olivine‐hosted melt inclusions are an important archive of pre‐eruptive processes such as magma storage, mixing and subsequent ascent through the crust. However, this record can be modified by post‐entrapment diffusion of H+ through the olivine lattice. Existing studies often use spherical or 1D models to track melt inclusion dehydration that fail to account for complexities in geometry, diffusive anisotropy and sectioning effects. Here we develop a finite element 3D multiphase diffusion model for the dehydration of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions that includes natural crystal geometries and multiple melt inclusions. We use our 3D model to test the reliability of simplified analytical and numerical models (1D and 2D) using magma ascent conditions from the 1977 eruption of Seguam volcano, Alaska. We find that 1D models underestimate melt inclusion water loss, typically by ∼30%, and thus underestimate magma decompression rates, by up to a factor of 5, when compared to the 3D models. An anisotropic analytical solution that we present performs well and recovers decompression rates within a factor of 2, in the situations in which it is valid. 3D models that include multiple melt inclusions show that inclusions can shield each other and reduce the amount of water loss upon ascent. This shielding effect depends on decompression rate, melt inclusion size, and crystallographic direction. Our modeling approach shows that factors such as 3D crystal geometry and melt inclusion configuration can play an important role in constraining accurate decompression rates and recovering water contents in natural magmatic systems. Plain Language Summary The water content of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions can reveal important information about the generation and storage of magma beneath basaltic volcanoes. Diffusion of hydrogen (as H+) through the olivine host crystal, however, can modify the water content of melt inclusions over minutes to hours. Here we develop a new 3D diffusion model for water loss from olivine‐hosted melt inclusions which includes natural crystal shapes and multiple melt inclusions. We use our model to test the reliability of different types of analytical and numerical models using conditions of magma ascent from the 1977 eruption of Seguam volcano, Alaska. We find that 1D and 2D numerical models underestimate water loss and magma decompression rates because they do not account for additional water loss from all directions. An anisotropic analytical solution that we present compares well with the 3D model giving decompression rates within a factor of 2. Multiple melt inclusions can also shield each other and help to reduce water loss. Our modeling approach shows that factors such 3D crystal geometry and melt inclusion configuration can play an important role in constraining accurate decompression rates, and recovering water contents in natural magmatic systems. Key Points New 3D multiphase finite element diffusion model and anisotropic analytical solution for water loss from melt inclusions 1D and 2D numerical models underestimate magma decompression rates compared to 3D models. The analytical solution performs well Shielding effect from multiple melt inclusions may limit water loss

After a median of nearly 4 years of follow-up, the use of radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with stage III or IVA endometrial carcinoma was not associated with longer relapse-free survival than the use of chemotherapy alone.