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The association of endophytic fungi with plants was recorded from an early stage of evolution. Endophytic fungi of medicinally important plants are given importance as they mimic the synthesis of bioactive compounds by the host plant. Chromolaena odorata is a wild medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine by different communities. From the root part of C. odorata , an endophytic fungus, Chaetomium sp. R1C1, was isolated, and its biological activities were evaluated. The ITS-rDNA gene sequencing of Chaetomium sp. R1C1 showed 99.21% similarity with Chaetomium globosum . Chaetomium sp. R1C1 was found to secrete protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulose and also produce ammonia. The isolate shows strong antifungal activities against all the nine tested phytopathogens, with the highest inhibition against U. virens (97.45%), followed by A. flavus (94.70%), C. lunata (89.09%), A. brassicicola (78.41%), F. oxysporum (77.71%), R. solani (70.27%), C. capsici (64.41%), A. niger (57.06%), and A. alternata (45.35%). The antibacterial activity evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method and 96-well microtitre method shows that the crude extract was more efficient against gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity against S. typhi . The DPPH radical scavenging activity shows inhibition of 60.18% and an IC 50 value of 85.88 µg/mL, which makes it a strong antioxidant. GC-MS and LC-MS are powerful tools employed to reveal the compounds present in the secondary metabolite of Chaetomium sp. R1C1. This study highlights the importance and applications of the endophytic fungus Chaetomium sp. R1C1 in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and industries.

The endophytic fungus, Trichoderma sp. L2D2 was isolated from the medicinal plant Anaphalis contorta and has been assessed for extracellular enzyme production, plant growth promotion, antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities in vitro. The endophyte has been found to produce amylase, cellulose, and ammonia qualitatively. The antifungal activity was evaluated using Curvularia lunata , Fusarium oxysporum , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Sclerotium oryzae , Rhizoctonia solani , Alternaria brassicicola , Colletotrichum capsici , Ustilaginoidea virens , and Alternaria tenuissima by the dual culture method and showed strong antifungal activity with 100% inhibition against S. oryzae and C. capsici . For antibacterial activity, ethyl acetate extract of Trichoderma sp. L2D2 was tested against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli , and Shigella flexneri by the agar well diffusion method and the 96-well microplate method, and has shown the lowest MIC of 15.62 µg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli . The DPPH assay was used to examine the free radical scavenging activity of the crude extract of the endophytic fungus and showed good antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 85.94 µg/ml.

The biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials has great advantages, biocompatible, and valuable material production. In this study, we demonstrated a sustainable and biocompatible approach for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the endophytic fungi Neocosmospora solani (NS) extract isolated from the Anaphalis contorta stem. The anticancer and antibacterial potential of bioactive NS mediated AgNPs was evaluated by in vitro studies. The physicochemical characteristics of synthesized NS-AgNPs were systematically investigated by UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, DLS and Zeta potential analyzer. In details, UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of biosynthesized NS-AgNPs at 432 nm, while XRD analysis confirmed their crystal nature. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of functional groups in biomolecules that act as a capping agent for the nanoparticles. SEM was used to evaluate the shape of AgNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated that the average particle size is 362.3 nm, a zeta potential was − 0.168 mV with a single peak. The biosystem technique produced stable AgNPs up to 2 months following synthesis. In addition, the NS-AgNPs were exposed to excellent antibacterial efficacy against human pathogenic bacterial strains. The results of the anticancer assessment of NS-AgNPs against A549 lung cancer cells revealed that the dose-dependent cytotoxic and morphological changes have been reported in both AO/EB and Hoechst’s staining assays. In the future, it might be an excellent antibiotic and anticancer material for biomedical applications.

Fungal endophytes are known to be diverse and establish a mutualistic relationship with the host plant and protect them from the soil borne pathogens. In this study, we isolated a total of 283 fungal strains belonging to 8 different genera and 16 morphotypes from 450 tissue segments (Leaf, stems and flowers) of bengle sage (Meriandra bengalensis Benth.) plants during different (winter, summer and rainy) seasons, grown under natural conditions of Manipur and identified them on the basis of cultural morphology. The percentage of isolation rate (IR %) and colonization rates (CR %) of endophtic fungi communities were high in leaf segments (51% and 66%) and winter season (47% and 75%), respectively. The highest relative abundance (RA %) and isolation frequency (IF %) were recorded with Colletotrichum sp.2 and diversity indices of fungal endophytes were also calculated. The bioactive potential of Phoma sp. MBS13 was evaluated in vitro by dual culture tests against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria solani and Fusarium oxysporum isolates, which showed strong (Class 1and Class 2) antagonistic activity. In addition, the spectral (FTIR and GC–MS) analysis of ethyl acetate extracted metabolites of Phoma sp. MBS13 revealed the presence of various volatile compounds, and showed a good inhibitory activity against some human pathogenic bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Maximum inhibitory zone (15.3 ± 0.15 mm) was recorded with E. coli. Thus, the present findings reveal the importance of endophytic fungi for their role in antimicrobial activity and biocontrol potential against pathogenic microorganisms that could be exploited by the biotechnological and agricultural industries.