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The latest advancements in cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this study. We summarize the characteristics, modifications, applications, and properties of cellulose. Here, we discuss new breakthroughs in modified cellulose that allow for enhanced control. In addition to standard approaches, improvements in different techniques employed for cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this review. The various strategies for synthetic polymers are also discussed. The recent advancements in polymer production allow for more precise control, and make it possible to make functional celluloses with better physical qualities. For sustainability and environmental preservation, the development of cellulose green processing is the most abundant renewable substance in nature. The discovery of cellulose disintegration opens up new possibilities for sustainable techniques. Based on the review of recent scientific literature, we believe that additional chemical units of cellulose solubility should be used. This evaluation will evaluate the sustainability of biomass and processing the greenness for the long term. It appears not only crucial to dissolution, but also to the greenness of any process.

As the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is one of the emerging trends and paradigm shifts to revolutionize the traditional industries with the fourth wave of evolution or transform it into Industry 4.0. This all is merely possible with the sensor-enabled technologies, e.g., wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various landscapes, where security provisioning is one of the significant challenges for miniaturized power hungry networks. Due to the increasing demand for the commercial Internet of things (IoT) devices, smart devices are also extensively adopted in industrial applications. If these devices are compromising the date/information, then there will be a considerable loss and critical issues, unlike information compromising level by the commercial IoT devices. So emerging industrial processes and smart IoT based methods in medical industries with state-of-the-art blockchain security techniques have motivated the role of secure industrial IoT. Also, frequent changes in android technology have increased the security of the blockchain-based IIoT system management. It is very vital to develop a novel blockchain-enabled cyber-security framework and algorithm for industrial IoT by adopting random initial and master key generation mechanisms over long-range low-power wireless networks for fast encrypted data processing and transmission. So, this paper has three remarkable contributions. First, a blockchain-driven secure, efficient, reliable, and sustainable algorithm is proposed. It can be said that the proposed solution manages keys randomly by introducing the chain of blocks with less power drain, a small number of cores, will slightly more communication and computation bits. Second, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based intelligent decision-making approach for the secure, concurrent, interoperable, sustainable, and reliable blockchain-driven IIoT system. AHP based solution helps the industry experts to select the more relevant and critical parameters such as (reliability in-line with a packet loss ratio), (convergence in mapping with delay), and (interoperability in association with throughput) for improving the yield of the product in the industry. Third, sustainable technology-oriented services are supporting to propose the novel cloud-enabled framework for the IIoT platform for regular monitoring of the products in the industry. Moreover, experimental results reveal that proposed approach is a potential candidate for the blockchain-driven IIoT system in terms of reliability, convergence, and interoperability with a strong foundation to predict the techniques and tools for the regulation of the adaptive system from Industry 4.0 aspect.

Plant bioactive compounds, particularly apigenin, have therapeutic potential and functional activities that aid in the prevention of infectious diseases in many mammalian bodies and promote tumor growth inhibition. Apigenin is a flavonoid with low toxicities and numerous bioactive properties due to which it has been considered as a traditional medicine for decades. Apigenin shows synergistic effects in combined treatment with sorafenib in the HepG2 human cell line (HCC) in less time and statistically reduces the viability of tumor cells, migration, gene expression and apoptosis. The combination of anti-cancerous drugs with apigenin has shown health promoting potential against various cancers. It can prevent cell mobility, maintain the cell cycle and stimulate the immune system. Apigenin also suppresses mTOR activity and raises the UVB-induced phagocytosis and reduces the cancerous cell proliferation and growth. It also has a high safety threshold, and active (anti-cancer) doses can be gained by consuming a vegetable and apigenin rich diet. Apigenin also boosted autophagosome formation, decreased cell proliferation and activated autophagy by preventing the activity of the PI3K pathway, specifically in HepG2 cells. This paper provides an updated overview of apigenin’s beneficial anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer effects, making it a step in the right direction for therapeutics. This study also critically analyzed the effect of apigenin on cancer cell signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/MTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and ERK/MAPK pathways.

Regression testing ensures that modified software code changes have not adversely affected existing code modules. The test suite size increases with modification to the software based on the end-user requirements. Regression testing executes the complete test suite after updates in the software. Re-execution of new test cases along with existing test cases is costly. The scientific community has proposed test suite prioritization techniques for selecting and minimizing the test suite to minimize the cost of regression testing. The test suite prioritization goal is to maximize fault detection with minimum test cases. Test suite minimization reduces the test suite size by deleting less critical test cases. In this study, we present a four-fold methodology of test suite prioritization based on reinforcement learning. First, the testers’ and users’ log datasets are prepared using the proposed interaction recording systems for the android application. Second, the proposed reinforcement learning model is used to predict the highest future reward sequence list from the data collected in the first step. Third, the proposed prioritization algorithm signifies the prioritized test suite. Lastly, the fault seeding approach is used to validate the results from software engineering experts. The proposed reinforcement learning-based test suite optimization model is evaluated through five case study applications. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed mechanism performs better than baseline approaches based on random and t-SANT approaches, proving its importance for regression testing.

Vicilin has nutraceutical potential and different noteworthy medicative health-promoting biotic diversions, and it is remarkable against pathogenic microorganisms and insects. In this study, Vigna aconitifolia vicilin (VacV) has been identified and characterized from the seed of Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal (Moth beans). LC-MS/MS analysis of VacV provided seven random fragmented sequences comprising 238 residues, showing significant homology with already reported Vigna radiata vicilin (VraV). VacV was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation (60%) followed by size exclusion chromatography on Hi-Load 16/60 Superdex 200 pg column and anion-exchange chromatography (Hi trap Q FF column). Purified VacV showed a major ~50 kDa band and multiple lower bands on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under both reduced and non-reduced conditions. After all, a three-dimensional molecular structure of VacV was predicted, which showed β-sheeted molecular conformation similar to crystallographic structure of VraV. All Vicilins from V. aconitifolia and other plants were divided into six sub-groups by phylogenetic analysis, and VacV shared a high degree of similarity with vicilins of Vigna radiata, Pisum sativum, Lupinus albus, Cicer arietinum and Glycine max. Additionally, VacV (20 μg) has significant growth inhibition against different pathogenic bacteria along strong antifungal activity (50 μg). Likewise, VacV (3.0 mg) produced significant growth reduction in Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae larvae after 9 days compared with control. Furthermore, by using MMT assay, the cytotoxicity effect of VacV on the growth of HepG2 liver cancerous cells was tested. VacV showed cytotoxicity against the HepG-2 line and the acquired value was 180 µg after 48 h. Finally, we performed molecular docking against caspase-3 protein (PDB ID: 3DEI) for VacV bioactive receptor interface residues. Hence, our results reveal that VacV, has nutraceutical potential and moth beans can be used as a rich resource of functional foods.

Efficient computation of quality of service (QoS) during medical data processing through intelligent measurement methods is one of the mandatory requirements of the medial healthcare world. However, emergency medical services often involve transmission of critical data, thus having stringent requirements for network quality of service (QoS). This paper contributes in three distinct ways. First, it proposes the novel adaptive QoS computation algorithm (AQCA) for fair and efficient monitoring of the performance indicators, i.e., transmission power, duty cycle and route selection during medical data processing in healthcare applications. Second, framework of QoS computation in medical applications is proposed at physical, medium access control (MAC) and network layers. Third, QoS computation mechanism with proposed AQCA and quality of experience (QoE) is developed. Besides, proper examination of QoS computation for medical healthcare application is evaluated with 4–10 inches large-screen user terminal (UT) devices (for example, LCD panel size, resolution, etc.). These devices are based on high visualization, battery lifetime and power optimization for ECG service in emergency condition. These UT devices are used to achieve highest level of satisfaction in terms, i.e., less power drain, extended battery lifetime and optimal route selection. QoS parameters with estimation of QoE perception identify the degree of influence of each QoS parameters on the medical data processing is analyzed. The experimental results indicate that QoS is computed at physical, MAC and network layers with transmission power (− 15 dBm), delay (100 ms), jitter (40 ms), throughput (200 Bytes), duty cycle (10%) and route selection (optimal). Thus it can be said that proposed AQCA is the potential candidate for QoS computation than Baseline for medical healthcare applications.

Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), causes massive outbreaks of chikungunya infection in several regions of Asia, Africa and Central/South America. Being positive sense RNA virus, CHIKV replication within the host resulting in its genome mutation and led to difficulties in creation of vaccine, drugs and treatment strategies. Vector control strategy has been a gold standard to combat spreading of CHIKV infection, but to eradicate a species from the face of earth is not an easy task. Therefore, alongside vector control, there is a dire need to prevent the infection through vaccine as well as through antiviral strategies. Methods This study was designed to find out conserved B cell and T cell epitopes of CHIKV structural proteins through immuno-informatics and computational approaches, which may play an important role in evoking the immune responses against CHIKV. Results Several conserved cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes, linear and conformational B cell epitopes were predicted for CHIKV structural polyprotein and their antigenicity was calculated. Among B-cell epitopes “PPFGAGRPGQFGDI” showed a high antigenicity score and it may be highly immunogenic. In case of T cell epitopes, MHC class I peptides ‘TAECKDKNL’ and MHC class II peptides ‘VRYKCNCGG’ were found extremely antigenic. Conclusion The study led to the discovery of various epitopes, conserved among various strains belonging to different countries. The potential antigenic epitopes can be successfully utilized in designing novel vaccines for combating and eradication of CHIKV disease.

Breynia distachia is a plant of genus Breynia belonging to family Phyllanthaceae. This study was conducted to isolate and examine the anti-inflammatory attributes of the roots of Breynia distachia. Methanol extract from roots were prepared by simple maceration. For phytochemical studies, isolation, purification, structure elucidation, metal analysis, total phenolic content, and solubility test were done by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by cotton pallet edema model and carrageenan paw edema model, and antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS antioxidants assays. Metal analysis of BD.Me revealed the presence of Na > Mg > K > Mn > Fe = Zn in respective order. Four phytochemicals such as gallic acid, quercetin, sinapic acid, and p-coumaric acid are found in Breynia distachia. Quercetin is present in relatively larger quantity, and shows antioxidant activity by reducing the ferric iron to ferrous iron. Novel distachionate shows high antioxidant activity in ABTS assay by reducing reactive oxygen species. Quantitative or qualitative analysis performed by HPLC indicates the ascending peaks or presence of secondary products (metabolites) respectively. Histopathology analysis of liver, spleen, heart, and kidney was done, revealing mild inflammations in spleen and liver, and no cytotoxicity in heart and kidney. Oral administration of BD.Me and ditachionate significantly inhibits the carrageenan and cotton pellet-induced paw edema in 1st and 2nd h with (ns = p > 0.05) than control. After 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th h, BD.Me and ditachionate showed inhibition of paw edema in a highly significant (*** = p < 0.001) manner as compared to control. In cotton-pellet edema model, distachionate shows a %inhibition of 57.3% at a dose level of 5 mg/kg. Docking values obtained from distachionate-COX-2 complex suggest a potent inhibitor evaluated for this protein. The distachionate shows effective anti-inflammatory activity. Methanol extracts of roots showed significant lipoxygenase inhibitory activity by IC50 values of 155.7 ± 0.55 and 132.9 ± 0.33 μg/mL. Data from various in vitro and in vivo models suggest that novel distachionate isolated from Breynia distachia shows strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; it should be further studied for the exploration of its medicinal potential.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute zoonotic disease transmitted through aerosolized excrement of rodents. The etiology of HFRS is complex due to the involvement of viral factors and host immune and genetic factors. The viral species that dominantly cause HFRS are Puumala virus (PUUV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV). Despite continuous prevention and control measures, HFRS remains a significant public health problem worldwide. The nucleocapsid protein of PUUV, SEOV, DOBV, and HTNV is a multifunctional viral protein involved in various stages of the viral replication cycle. However, the exact role of nucleoproteins in viral pathogenesis is yet to be discovered. Targeting a universal host protein exploited by most viruses would be a game-changing strategy that offers broad-spectrum solutions and rapid epidemic control. The objective of this study is to understand the replication and pathogenesis of PUUV, SEOV, DOBV, and HTNV by targeting tyrosine-based motif (YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V]) and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides. In the light of the current study, in silico analysis uncovered many different YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V] motifs and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides within nucleoproteins of PUUV, SEOV, DOBV, and HTNV. Following that, the 3D structures of nucleoproteins were predicted using AlphaFold2 to map the location of YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V] motif and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides in a 3D environment. Further, in silico analysis and characterization of Post Translational Modifications (PTMs) revealed multiple PTMs sites within YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V] motif and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides, which contribute to virulence and host immune regulation. Our study proposed that the predicted YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V] motif and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides may confer specific functions such as virulence, host immune regulation, and pathogenesis to nucleoproteins of PUUV, SEOV, DOBV, and HTNV. However, in vivo and in vitro studies on YXXΦ[I/L/M/F/V] motif and YXXΦ-like tetrapeptides will assign new biological roles to these antiviral targets.

Controlled-release effervescent floating bilayer tablets reduce dosage frequency and improve patient compliance with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Generally, two different tablets of clarithromycin and esomeprazole, respectively, are given for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and it might be worth incorporating both in a single tablet. In the current study, controlled-release floating bilayer tablets of clarithromycin and esomeprazole (F1–F4) were developed with different rates of polymeric materials by a direct compression method. During the formulation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed for possible interactions between drugs and excipients. No interactions between drugs and excipients were noted. Moreover, the bilayer tablets’ thickness, diameter, friability, hardness, weight variation, dissolution, and percent purity were found within the acceptable limits. The floating lag time and total floating time of all formulations were found to be < 25 s and 24 h, respectively. The release of both the clarithromycin and esomeprazole started at the same time from the controlled-release floating bilayer tablets by anomalous non-Fickian diffusion, and the polymeric materials extended the drug release rate up to 24 h. In the case of F1, the results approached ideal zero-order kinetics. The dissolution profiles of the tested and reference tablet formulations were compared, but no significant differences were observed. It can be concluded that such controlled-release effervescent floating bilayer tablets can be efficiently used in clinical practice to reduce dosage frequency and increase patient compliance with continuous drug release for 24 h, which ultimately might enhance therapeutic efficacy.