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In this study, AuM (M = Pt, Pd) bimetallic hexagonals (AuM BHGs) were successfully combined with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by a simple method at ambient temperature (~ 30 °C) to form AuM BHGs/GQDs nanocomposites with enhanced properties and electro-activities. The synthesized AuM BHGs/GQDs were also characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, XPS, AFM, TEM, and EDS. The novel AuM BHGs/GQDs were successfully synthesized, possessed an average particle size of AuM BHGs (~ 50–60 nm) and GQDs (~ 6–16 nm), and were homogeneously distributed in the dispersion. Furthermore, AuM BHGs/GQDs nanocomposites were also investigated as a sensitive sensor in the H 2 O 2 detection by cyclic voltammetry method, with a low H 2 O 2 limit of detection (LOD) of 0.865 nM, high sensitivity of 1.27 μAnM −1 cm −2 and a wide detection range from 10 –12 to 10 –3 M. Therefore, AuM BHG/GQDs nanocomposites could be used to detect H 2 O 2 with high sensitivity and fast response. Graphical abstract

In this study, the novel Au/Cu 2 O/Graphene quantum dots nanocomposites have been synthesized via a fast, simple and environmentally friendly method for the first time. Specifically, Cu 2 O nanocubes (Cu 2 O NCBs) synthesized by a reduction reaction at room temperature were combined with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) obtained from low-cost and naturally abundant material. The synthesized Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, FESEM, and EDS. The results show that the Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs have an average size of about 32-36 nm, in which the diameter of Au NPs is ~28-32 nm, Cu 2 O particles have the form of nanocube with the size of ~29-33 nm and GQDs are small spherical with an average size of ~5 nm. In addition, the electrochemical properties of the Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs electrodes were investigated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The obtained results show that the Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs have high electroactivity, which are very potential and promising to be used in glucose sensor with a very wide concentration of glucose detection range from 10 -10 M to 1 M with a the LOD of 70 nM (7×10 -8 M) and a high sensitivity of 32.5 μAμM -1 cm -2 . Therefore, Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs will be potential candidate for non-enzymatic sensitive glucose sensors in the future. Graphical abstract Cu 2 O nanocubes (Cu 2 O NCBs) were successfully combined with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to generate Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs nanocomposites. The properties and morphology of synthesized Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs were also studied. Au/Cu 2 O/GQDs showed promising electrochemical activity and performed its applicability for glucose detection with a wide concentration of glucose detection range from 10 -10 M to 1 M.

In this study, AuPt bimetallic nanocubes (AuPt NCBs) were successfully combined with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by a simple and easy-to-implement method at 80 °C for 90 min. In particular, graphene quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 190 °C for 8 h, using raw material from wheat flour which is eco-friendly, available and abundant in nature. Besides, AuPt bimetallic nanocubes in the form of AuPt core/shell nanocubes (AuPt NCBs) were generated from the reaction at 140 °C for 2 h by hydrothermal method. Furthermore, the synthesized AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites were also characterized, shape, size and composition by: UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, XPS, and AFM. The obtained results show that the Au nanocubes (Au NCBs) have an average size of ~ 39 nm; while, the average size of AuPt NCBs and GQDs are ~ 40–44 and  ~ 3–5 nm, respectively. In addition, AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites were also used as non-enzymatic catalysts for the oxidation/reduction of glucose by cyclic voltammetry technique. The obtained results indicated that the AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites have high catalytic activity and are capable of detecting glucose in a wide concentration range from 10 −12 to 1 M, with an extremely low limit of detection of concentration glucose levels (~ 10 −12  M). Therefore, AuPt NCBs/GQDs are novel and promising materials that can be applied as catalysts with high activity oriented to many fields such as environmental treatment, fuel energy cells, or sensors to make bio-chip devices for early diagnosis of serious diseases such as diabetes, gout or cancer, etc., in present and the future. Graphical abstract

In this study, AuPt bimetallic nanocubes (AuPt NCBs) were successfully combined with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by a simple and easy-to-implement method at 80oC for 90 min. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 190oC for 8 h, using raw materials from wheat flour, which are environmentally friendly materials, available and abundant in nature. AuPt bimetallic nanocubes were obtained from the synthesis of Au nanocubes (Au NCBs), followed by AuPt nanoparticles obtained when reacted at 140oC for 2 h by hydrothermal method to form AuPt core/shell nanocubes (AuPt NCBs). Besides, the synthesized AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites were also characterized, shape, size and composition by: UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, XPS, and AFM. The obtained results show that the Au nanocubes (Au NCBs) have an average particle size of ~39 nm; the size of AuPt NCBs and GQDs nanoparticles are ~40-44 nm and ~3-5 nm in size, respectively. Furthermore, AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites are also used as non-enzymatic catalysts for the oxidation/reduction of glucose by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The obtained results indicate that the AuPt NCBs/GQDs nanocomposites with high catalytic activity are capable of detecting glucose in a wide concentration range from 10-12 M to 1 M, with an extremely low limit of detection (LOD) of concentration glucose levels (~10-12 M). Therefore, AuPt NCBs/GQDs are novel and promising nano-catalysts that can be applied as catalysts with high activity oriented to many fields such as environmental treatment, fuel energy cells, or sensors to make bio-chip devices for early diagnosis of serious diseases such as diabetes, gout or cancer, etc., in present and the future.

The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Three hundred two female student participants who were 18-45 years old completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a Vietnamese Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool. We then followed up participants during at least two menstrual cycles using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder diagnosis was established using The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, based on the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. According to the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, 35 out of 302 students (11.6%; 95%CI: 8.2-15.7%) met the diagnosis of PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). We found that age at menarche (PR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.63-0.96), having negative Rh blood type (PR = 4.43, 95%CI: 1.95 to 10.08), being moderately depressed or higher (PR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.24 to 6.36), and consuming caffeine more than three times per week were statistically associated with having Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder after adjusting for other variables. The prominent risk factors for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder were negative Rhesus blood type, menarche age, caffeine consumption, and self-reported depression.

The highest burden of disease from hepatitis C virus (HCV) is found in Southeast Asia, but our understanding of the epidemiology of infection in many heavily burdened countries is still limited. In particular, there is relatively little data on acute HCV infection, the outcome of which can be influenced by both viral and host genetics which differ within the region. We studied HCV genotype and IL28B gene polymorphism in a cohort of acute HCV-infected patients in Southern Vietnam alongside two other cohorts of chronic HCV-infected patients to better understand the epidemiology of HCV infection locally and inform the development of programs for therapy with the increasing availability of directly acting antiviral therapy (DAAs). We analysed plasma samples from patients with acute and chronic HCV infection, including chronic HCV mono-infection and chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-HCV coinfection, who enrolled in four epidemiological or clinical research studies. HCV infection was confirmed with RNA testing. The 5' UTR, core and NSB5 regions of HCV RNA positive samples were sequenced, and the genotype and subtype of the viral strains were determined. Host DNA from all HCV positive patients and age- and sex-matched non-HCV-infected control individuals were analysed for IL28B single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs12979860 and rs8099917). Geolocation of the patients were mapped using QGIS. 355 HCV antibody positive patients were analysed; 54.6% (194/355) and 46.4% (161/355) were acute and chronic infections, respectively. 50.4% (81/161) and 49.6.4% (80/161) of chronic infections had HCV mono-infection and HIV-HCV coinfection, respectively. 88.7% (315/355) and 10.1% (36/355) of the patients were from southern and central regions of Vietnam, respectively. 92.4% (328/355) of patients were HCV RNA positive, including 86.1% (167/194) acute and 100% (161/161) chronic infections. Genotype could be determined in 98.4% (322/328) patients. Genotypes 1 (56.5%; 182/322) and 6 (33.9%; 109/322) predominated. Genotype 1 including genotype 1a was significantly higher in HIV-HCV coinfected patients compared to acute HCV patients [43.8% (35/80) versus 20.5% (33/167)], (p = <0.001), while genotype 6 was significantly higher in chronic HCV mono-infected patients [(44.4% (36/81) versus 20.0% (16/80)] (p = < 0.004) compared to HIV-HCV coinfected patients. The prevalence of IL28B SNP (rs12979860) homozygous CC was 86.46% (83/96) in control individuals and was significantly higher in acutely-infected compared to chronically-infected patients [93.2 (82/88) versus 76.1% (35/46)] (p = < 0.005). HCV genotype 6 is highly prevalent in Vietnam and the high prevalence in treatment naïve chronic HCV patients may results from poor spontaneous clearance of acute HCV infection with genotype 6.

Access to sufficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is a crucial requirement for patients during therapy and general well-being in the hospital. However, in low- and middle-income countries, these services are often inadequate, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality of patients. This study aimed at assessing the current situation of WASH services in six District Health Care Facilities (DHCFs) in rural areas of the Mekong Delta provinces, Vietnam. The results showed that these services were available with inappropriate quality, which did not compromise the stakeholders’ needs. The revealed WASH infrastructures have raised concerns about the prolonged hospital stays for patients and push nosocomial infections to a high level. The safety of the water supply was doubted as the high E. coli (> 60%) and total coliform incidence (86%) was observed with very low residual chlorine concentration (< 0.1 mg/L) in water quality assessment. Moreover, water supply contained a high concentration of iron (up to 15.55 mg/L) in groundwater in one DHCF. Technical assessment tool analysis proved that the improper management and lack of knowledge by human resources were the primary roots of the observed status WASH services. Improvement of the perceptions of WASH should be done for the hospital staff with collaboration and support from the government to prevent incidents in the future. Graphical abstract

A comprehensive research of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission from domestic waste incinerators in northern areas of Vietnam, were investigated. Sixty-four samples from two domestic waste incinerators were collected and analyzed for PAHs. The PAHs concentrations in the samples were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In April, June, September, and November 2021, Σ 16 PAHs mean concentrations in chimney air samples were 970.9 ± 57.4, 1061.9 ± 49.8, 1070.7 ± 41.3 and 1136.1 ± 136.5 µg m −3 , respectively. The mean emission factors of Σ 16 PAHs were 7.5 mg/kg. The mean percentages of low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in the analyzed air samples. The toxic equivalent quotient of samples ranged from 30.7 to 41.7 mg/kg, whereas the incremental lifetime cancer risk exceeded 10 − 3 . This results implied a high level of concern with potentially negative health consequences. The four diagnostic ratios of PAHs were found and can be used for identification of sources markers from domestic waste incinerators.