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Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) enables communication in disruptive scenarios where issues such as sparse and intermittent connectivity, long and variable delays, high latency, high error rates, or no end-to-end connectivity exist. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network of the future in which integration between devices, vehicles, and users will be unlimited and universal, overcoming the heterogeneity of systems, services, applications, and devices. Delay-tolerant internet of vehicles (DT-IoV) is emerging and becoming a popular research topic due to the critical applications that can be realized, such as software or map update dissemination. For an IoV to work efficiently, a degree of cooperation between nodes is necessary to deliver messages to their destinations. However, nodes might misbehave and silently drop messages, also known as a black-hole attack, degrading network performance. Various solutions have been proposed to deal with black-hole nodes, but most are centralized or require each node to meet every other node. This paper proposes a decentralized reputation scheme called BiRep that identifies and punishes black-hole nodes in DT-IoV. BiRep is tested on the Prophet routing protocol. Simulation results show excellent performance in all scenarios, comparable or better to other reputation schemes, significantly increasing the delivery ratio of messages.

Ronald Bogue's Deleuze and Guattari: Critics of the Twentieth Century (1989) was the first book on Deleuze and Guattari published in English. Ronald Bogue belongs to the first group of scholars who deeply and extensively commented Deleuze and Guattari's work in the USA together with Charles Stivale and Paul Patton, who had already published two important texts (Stivale 1984; Patton 1984). And, by doing so, Bogue brought fresh novelty to American academia. He did so at the time when Derrida and Foucault were the most noticed philosophers in the USA, even if their deconstruction and archaeology programmes were studied, not in philosophy departments—dominated as they were by analytical philosophy—but only in literature and social sciences departments. So, bringing Deleuze and Guattari to the USA was much more than simple curiosity. It was an act of courage, the affirmative gesture of introducing a new, radical way of thinking. This is even more noteworthy when we think Deleuze as a philosopher with an enormous and extensive body of work, who has written about a huge range of philosophical domains such as ethics, politics and aesthetics. And in all these areas Ronald Bogue gave us comments and interpretations to enrich and clarify Deleuze's theses. Deleuze is a monument to philosophy and Ronald Bogue is also a monument because he dedicated himself to writing about Deleuze's work in all its extent: from ethics to politics, passing through his extensive aesthetics: cinema, theatre, literature, painting, music To analyse all these fields with such an intense gaze is monumental!

Key Points Polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of Ser/Thr kinases that have a pivotal role in cell cycle progression, the centrosome cycle, mitosis and cellular responses to DNA damage, which makes them attractive targets for treatments against several diseases. PLK1 is the most ancestral and best-conserved member of the family; it is found in most eukaryotic organisms, except for higher land plants. PLK4 is the most divergent member of the family. PLK2, PLK3 and PLK5 have evolved very recently, probably from a PLK1 gene duplication in vertebrates. PLK1 and PLK4 have distinct structural organizations and are phosphorylated at different residues, which correlate with different mode of actions. The amino-terminal kinase domain and carboxy-terminal polo box domains that characterize PLKs are crucial for regulation of their kinase catalytic activity in time and space, and for controlling subcellular PLK localization. Recent studies show non-canonical functions for PLKs in asymmetric cell division and cilia disassembly. PLKs function in centriole and centrosome biogenesis; PLK1 integrates various external stimuli with cell cycle inputs to coordinate mitotic progression and the centrosome cycle, whereas PLK4 drives centriole assembly. PLK2 and PLK3 have roles in DNA replication and in the DNA damage response and are also expressed in non-proliferative tissues, in which they have a role in cell differentiation and homeostasis (for example, PLK2 and PLK5 regulate neuronal activity). Members of the polo-like kinase (PLK) family are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression, centriole duplication, mitosis, cytokinesis and the DNA damage response. Recent structural and molecular studies have revealed how such processes depend on the tight regulation of PLK abundance, activity, localization and interactions with other proteins, and how dysregulation may be associated with disease. Members of the polo-like kinase (PLK) family are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression, centriole duplication, mitosis, cytokinesis and the DNA damage response. PLKs undergo major changes in abundance, activity, localization and structure at different stages of the cell cycle. They interact with other proteins in a tightly controlled spatiotemporal manner as part of a network that coordinates key cell cycle events. Their essential roles are highlighted by the fact that alterations in PLK function are associated with cancers and other diseases. Recent knowledge gained from PLK crystal structures, evolution and interacting molecules offers important insights into the mechanisms that underlie their regulation and activity, and suggests novel functions unrelated to cell cycle control for this family of kinases.

Foucault had the foresight to point out the existence of “other spaces” of power and to include the museum as one of the examples of these counter-places that are heterotopias. Assuming its current crisis situation in a constructive, positive way, the museum may declare itself as a heterotopic space, that is, a place of emancipation where new regimes of visibility and sensitivity are shared. Endowed with its own space-time, crossed by the multiplicity of the viewer’s voices, the museum can assert itself today as a common, participatory heterotopy; as a space of collective knowledge resulting from the actions of emancipated viewers.

Foucault had the foresight to point out the existence of \"other spaces\" of power and to include the museum as one of the examples of these counter-places that are heterotopias. Assuming its current crisis situation in a constructive, positive way, the museum may declare itself as a heterotopic space, that is, a place of emancipation where new regimes of visibility and sensitivity are shared. Endowed with its own space-time, crossed by the multiplicity of the viewer's voices, the museum can assert itself today as a common, participatory heterotopy; as a space of collective knowledge resulting from the actions of emancipated viewers. Keywords: Museum, Heterotopy, Public Participation, Emancipation

In this study, the description of the karyotypes of the endangered chubs Squalius aradensis (Coelho, Bogutskaya, Rodrigues and Collares-Pereira, 1998) and Squalius torgalensis (Coelho, Bogutskaya, Rodrigues and Collares-Pereira, 1998) is presented by means of conventional (Giemsa-staining, Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)-fluorescence, Silver-impregnation (Ag-NORs)) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA probe) protocols. These endemic sister-species have an allopatric but adjacent distribution in the most southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Diploid chromosome number was invariably 2n = 50 and karyotypes of both species were grossly similar, composed of metacentric and submetacentric elements with a reduced number of acrocentric pairs. Sequential staining using FISH with an 18S rDNA probe, CMA3 and Ag-NORs treatments revealed consistent positive signals located at the end of the short arms of a submetacentric chromosome pair, likely homologous in both species. While providing useful cytogenetic comparative data against other members of the genus Squalius Bonaparte, 1837, the work aimed to draw attention towards the conservation of two narrow-range and highly confined fish species.

In their last four-handed book, Qu’est ce que la Philosophie?, Deleuze and Guattari support the thesis that philosophy, science and art constitute three different dimensions of thought. Different but complementary. Among them there is no hierarchy or dependency. Deleuze and Guattari state it clearly: “The three ways are specific, as straightforward as each other, and are distinguished by the nature of the plan and what occupies it. To think is to think by concepts, or by functions, or by sensations, and either of these thoughts is no better than the other, or more fully, more completely, more synthetically ‘thought’”. Further, Deleuze and Guattari affirm the creative dimension of thought. “The act of thinking (…) is the only true creation”. Science, art and philosophy thus have in common the fact that they are three creative forms of thought. Now, this article aims at clarifying the meaning of this thesis and at critically proposing an enlargement of its field of application, namely as a way of enlarging the scope and the metaphysical basis of the so-called area of Sci-Art. So, we will try to elucidate the relations between art, science and philosophy thought out by Deleuze and Guattari by gathering a series of concepts (such as “thought”, “chaos”, “virtual”, “becoming”, “infinite”). Moreover, we will critically point out the existence of a fundamental ambiguity concerning the status which Deleuze and Guattari end up by granting to philosophy in its relation to science and art. Finally, we will stress the need of enlarging to science and art the transversality attributed by Deleuze and Guattari to philosophy and we will call for another concept (“intercessors”) so that the relationship between science, art and philosophy can be more deeply though out.

The centrosome is the main microtubule organising centre (MTOC) in animal cells, regulating cell motility and polarity during interphase and organising the mitotic spindle in mitosis. Each centrosome has two centrioles, a mother and a daughter, which are surrounded by a multi-layered protein network called pericentriolar material (PCM) (Loncarek and Bettencourt-Dias, 2018; Nigg and Holland, 2018). The PCM contains critical components that anchor and nucleate microtubules (MTs). Centriole biogenesis is a highly regulated process that occurs only once per cell-cycle in proliferating cells (Breslow and Holland, 2019). De-regulation of centriole formation leads to defects in centriole number which cause cell-cycle arrest and mitotic defects (Ganem et al., 2009; Lambrus et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015). Centrioles also form de novo in several eukaryotic cell-types, yet very little is known regarding the spatiotemporal and numerical regulation of this process.Polo-like Kinase 4 (Plk4) is a master player in centriole biogenesis (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2005; Habedanck et al., 2005; Kleylein-Sohn et al., 2007). Plk4 depletion causes a reduction in centriole number, while its overexpression leads to centriole amplification (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2005; Habedanck et al., 2005; Kleylein-Sohn et al., 2007) or de novo centrosome formation in the absence of centrioles, in unfertilised Drosophila melanogastereggs (Peel et al., 2007; Rodrigues-Martins et al., 2007). Therefore, Plk4 concentration and kinase activity must be tightly regulated to maintain a correct centrosome number in cells. Given its critical role in centriole formation, this thesis is focused on Plk4, aiming at providing quantitative assessments of its behaviour in live cells in order to determine how it regulates centriole duplication at its endogenous levels and de novo centriole formation at high concentration.In Chapter 2 we created fruit-flies that express endogenous Plk4 labelled with fluorescent reporters and characterised Plk4 localisation at the centrosome throughout the cell-cycle, in syncytial embryos. Plk4 levels oscillate at the centrosome during nuclear cycles 10 to 13, peaking in S-phase when centrioles duplicate, becoming almost undetectable throughout mitosis and increasing again in telophase. We then determined Plk4 properties in the cytosol by single-molecule quantification using Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Two different fractions of Plk4 with very different diffusion coefficients were identified: one moving rapidly and another very slowly, probably associating to quasiimmobile structures. Moreover, we determined Plk4 cytosolic concentration and provide evidences that it forms low-order oligomers, which possibly interact with cytoplasmic MTs. Our findings raise interesting hypotheses regarding Plk4 centrosomal localisation and activity, which are important for the spatio-temporal and numerical regulation of centriole duplication.In Chapter 3 we established a cell-free assay which allows studying live de novo centrosome biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, at high spatio-temporal resolution. The assay relies on the production of cytoplasmic explants from single unfertilised eggs overexpressing Plk4. We chose the best fluorescent reporters available and optimised imaging conditions to accomplish a reliable centrosome detection in the cytoplasm. Finally, we validated the assay using other microscopy techniques and confirmed that the centrosomes that form in the explants contain centrioles and undergo canonical duplication in these explants.

The question of perversion in literature was highly important to twentieth-century French philosophy. Georges Bataille, Pierre Klossowski, Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault, and Roland Barthes all recognised in the art of writing a privileged access to the universe of the problematisation of sex as pleasure mixed with suffering. But in all these authors—in Bataille’sLa Littérature et le MalorL’Érotisme, in Klossowski’sSade, Mon Prochain, in Blanchot’sLeautréamont et Sade, or lately in Foucault’s “Sade, sergent du sexe,” or even in Barthes’sSade, Fourrier, Loyola—perverse pleasure, as the model of the pleasure of the text and as an