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Experiment with a plant's roots
Roots help keep plants alive. They take in water and minerals. But do you know how much of a plant is made up of its roots? Or whether roots always grow down? Simple step-by-step instructions help readers explore science concepts and analyze information.
Book
Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the presence of peripheral insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and develops when β-cells fail to compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance triggers a rise in insulin demand and leads to β-cell compensation by increasing both β-cell mass and insulin secretion and leads to the development of hyperinsulinemia. In a vicious cycle, hyperinsulinemia exacerbates the metabolic dysregulations that lead to β-cell failure and the development of T2DM. Insulin and IGF-1 signaling pathways play critical roles in maintaining the differentiated phenotype of β-cells. The autocrine actions of secreted insulin on β-cells is still controversial; work by us and others has shown positive and negative actions by insulin on β-cells. We discuss findings that support the concept of an autocrine action of secreted insulin on β-cells. The hypothesis of whether, during the development of T2DM, secreted insulin initially acts as a friend and contributes to β-cell compensation and then, at a later stage, becomes a foe and contributes to β-cell decompensation will be discussed.
Journal Article
The solar system through infographics
\"This book examines the solar system, including planets, black holes, meteorites, asteroids, the sun, other stars, and moons, as well as how those entities relate to each other\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Strong or Weak Handgrip? Normative Reference Values for the German Population across the Life Course Stratified by Sex, Age, and Body Height
Handgrip strength is an important biomarker of healthy ageing and a powerful predictor of future morbidity and mortality both in younger and older populations. Therefore, the measurement of handgrip strength is increasingly used as a simple but efficient screening tool for health vulnerability. This study presents normative reference values for handgrip strength in Germany for use in research and clinical practice. It is the first study to provide normative data across the life course that is stratified by sex, age, and body height. The study used a nationally representative sample of test participants ages 17-90. It was based on pooled data from five waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel (2006-2014) and involved a total of 11,790 persons living in Germany (providing 25,285 observations). Handgrip strength was measured with a Smedley dynamometer. Results showed that peak mean values of handgrip strength are reached in men's and women's 30s and 40s after which handgrip strength declines in linear fashion with age. Following published recommendations, the study used a cut-off at 2 SD below the sex-specific peak mean value across the life course to define a 'weak grip'. Less than 10% of women and men aged 65-69 were classified as weak according to this definition, shares increasing to about half of the population aged 80-90. Based on survival analysis that linked handgrip strength to a relevant outcome, however, a 'critically weak grip' that warrants further examination was estimated to commence already at 1 SD below the group-specific mean value.
Journal Article
Constructing an implementation plan for integrating green BIM into undergraduate architecture programs
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is significantly changing the way architecture is designed and practiced by fostering collaboration among multidisciplinary teams. This innovative technology enables teams to explore building models in a simulated environment, allowing them to predict future design, construction, and operational challenges. Recently, the integration of BIM with sustainability—commonly referred to as ‘Green BIM’—has emerged as a new paradigm in the construction industry. Green BIM promotes sustainable practices throughout the entire project lifecycle. Consequently, architecture schools face increased challenges in responding to this radical shift and equipping their graduates with essential Green BIM professional skills. This article aims to develop a comprehensive strategic plan for integrating Green BIM into undergraduate architecture curricula. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach. It combines qualitative analysis with a comparative review of best practices employed by leading universities over the past decade. The resulting strategic plan provides architecture schools with hands-on phases for integrating BIM-based sustainability into architectural education. The study advocates for robust collaboration among industry stakeholders, academic institutions, and professional bodies to ensure that architecture graduate competencies are aligned with evolving labor market demands.
Journal Article
Area 51
\"Engaging images accompany information about Area 51. The combination of high-interest subject matter and light text is intended for students in grades 2 through 7\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Investigation of Lacosamide solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide with machine learning models
Lacosamide, a widely used antiepileptic drug, suffers from poor solubility in conventional solvents, which limits its bioavailability. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) has emerged as an environmentally friendly substitute solvent for pharmaceutical processing. In this study, the solubility of Lacosamide in SC-CO₂ was modeled and predicted using several machine learning techniques, including Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XG Boost), and Polynomial Regression (PR). These models have the ability to model nonlinear relationships. Experimental solubility information within a large span of pressures and temperatures were employed for model training and validation. The findings suggested that all applied models were competent in providing reliable predictions, with GBDT (R
2
= 0.9989), XG Boost (R
2
= 0.9986), and MLP (R
2
= 0.9975) exhibiting the highest accuracy, achieving the highest coefficient of determination (R
2
). Overall, combining experimental data with advanced machine learning algorithms offers a powerful approach for predicting and optimizing drug solubility in supercritical systems, thereby facilitating the design of scalable pharmaceutical processes.
Journal Article
Dynamic gene expression and growth underlie cell-to-cell heterogeneity in Escherichia coli stress response
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression and growth can have critical functional consequences, such as determining whether individual bacteria survive or die following stress. Although phenotypic variability is well documented, the dynamics that underlie it are often unknown. This information is important because dramatically different outcomes can arise from gradual versus rapid changes in expression and growth. Using single-cell time-lapse microscopy, we measured the temporal expression of a suite of stress-response reporters in Escherichia coli, while simultaneously monitoring growth rate. In conditions without stress, we found several examples of pulsatile expression. Single-cell growth rates were often anticorrelated with reporter levels, with changes in growth preceding changes in expression. These dynamics have functional consequences, which we demonstrate by measuring survival after challenging cells with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Our results suggest that fluctuations in both gene expression and growth dynamics in stress-response networks have direct consequences on survival.
Journal Article