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The global demand for electrical energy has witnessed a substantial increase, presenting a challenge for power systems worldwide. In addition to technical considerations, the escalating issue of global warming has become a paramount concern in the planning studies of various sectors. The formulation and resolution of a single-objective non-linear optimization problem are carried out, considering different operational scenarios. Recent heuristic algorithms, including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO), Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Chimp Optimization algorithm (ChOA) are employed to address the complexities associated with maximizing power output under partial shading conditions in solar PV systems. The inherent challenges of achieving MPPT under such conditions make conventional analytic approaches computationally intensive. Hence, this study leverages heuristic algorithms to optimize solar PV system performance, providing efficient solutions to the associated optimization problems. The current research work was performed on a test system using a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the results are presented and discussed. From the simulation results, it was found that ChOA have shown higher conversion efficiency of 99.63% with maximum power output of 525.13 W when compared to other optimization algorithms for the given shading pattern condition. Further, ChOA offers easy implementation and faster convergence, outperforming established methods in GMPP search by reducing power oscillations and achieving precise MPP convergence.

The power versus voltage curves of solar photovoltaic panels form several peaks under fractional (partial) shading conditions. Traditional maximum output power tracking (MPPT) techniques fail to achieve global peak power at the output terminals. The proposed Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) method intends to apply MPPT techniques to extract the global maxima from the shaded photovoltaic systems. CSO is a robust and powerful metaheuristic swarm-based optimization technique that has received very positive feedback since its emergence. It has been used to solve a variety of optimization issues, and several variations have been developed. The CSO-based maximum power tracking technique can successfully tackle two major issues of the PV system during shading conditions, including random oscillations caused by conventional tracking techniques and power loss. The proposed techniques have been extensively used in comparison to conventional algorithms like the Perturb and the Observe (P and O) technique. The main objective is to achieve a tracking speed for extracting the Maximum Power Point (MPP) from the solar Photovoltaic (PV) system under fractional shading conditions by using CSO. Modeling of the solar photovoltaic array in the MATLAB/Simulink platform comprises a photovoltaic module, a switching converter (Boost Converter), and the load. The PSO and CSO techniques are applied to the PV module under different weather conditions. The PSO algorithm is compared to the CSO algorithm according to simulation results, revealing that the CSO algorithm can provide better accuracy and a faster tracking speed.

This experimental study explores the potential of emulsified biodiesel blends, comprising 20% palmyra methyl ester and 80% diesel (B20), in reducing environmental pollutants in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. The blends were emulsified using Span80 and Tween 80 as surfactants, with 5%, 10% and 15% water content. The emulsification process, employing a Mech method, yielded blends labelled B20W5 (90% B20, 5% water, 5% surfactant), B20W10 (85% B20, 10% water, 5% surfactant) and B20W15 (80% B20, 15% water, 5% surfactant). The study focuses on evaluating the engine's performance, emissions and combustion characteristics under various engine loads, from no load to full load conditions. Results indicate that although emulsified biodiesel blends exhibited lower Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) than diesel, B20W10 showed the highest BTE, approximately 4% higher than B20W15. Additionally, there was a substantial reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions with increasing water content, with B20W15 demonstrating a 30.61% reduction compared to neat diesel operation. These findings suggest that emulsified biodiesel blends, especially B20W10 and B20W15, could serve as sustainable alternatives to diesel fuel, with reduced environmental impact in terms of NOX emissions.

Partial shading conditions lead to power mismatches among photovoltaic (PV) panels, resulting in the generation of multiple peak power points on the P-V curve. At this point, conventional MPPT algorithms fail to operate effectively. This research work mainly focuses on the exploration of performance optimization and harnessing more power during the partial shading environment of solar PV systems with a single-objective non-linear optimization problem subjected to different operations formulated and solved using recent metaheuristic algorithms such as Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and the proposed Chimp Optimization algorithm (ChOA). This research work is implemented on a test system with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the obtained results are discussed. From the overall results, the metaheuristic methods used by the trackers based on their analysis showed convergence towards the global Maximum Power Point (MPP). Additionally, the proposed ChOA technique shows improved performance over other existing algorithms.

This paper proposes the application of a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the social behavior of chimps in nature, called Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA), for the maximum power point tracking of solar photovoltaic (PV) strings. In this algorithm, the chimps hunting process is mathematically articulated, and new mechanisms are designed to perform the exploration and exploitation. To evaluate the ChOA, it is applied to some fixed dimension benchmark functions and engineering problem application of tracking maximum power from solar PV systems under partial shading conditions. Partial shading condition is a common problem that appears in the solar PV modules installed in domestic areas. This shading alters the power developed by the solar PV panel, and exhibits multiple peaks on the power variation with voltage (P-V) characteristic curve. The dynamics of the solar PV system have been considered, and the mathematical model of a single objective function has been framed for tuning the optimal control parameter with the suggested algorithm. Implementing various practical shading patterns of solar PV systems with the ChOA algorithm has shown improved solar power point tracking performance compared to other algorithms in the literature.

BackgroundLow back ache is the commonest musculoskeletal problem of the mankind. Disc prolapse is one of the most common and important cause of low back ache. Stress & strain on the back is more because of the bipedal nature which leads to mechanical failure of the disc architecture and is maximally exerted over L4-L5 level.Objectives:-The need of this study to evaluate the results of laminectomy alone or laminectomy with foramenectomy or laminectomy with discectomy depending on preoperative evaluation, with regard to patients post operative subjective evaluation with ODI scoring system and its complications.Method :-A prospective study was carried out on 30 cases of lumbar disc prolapse came to the Department of Orthopaedics, NMC&RC Raichur after through clinical evaluation. The data were collected using detailed clinical proforma, clinical examination, required investigations, pre-operative, post operative & Follow up 1,3,6 months) assessment, pre and post operative assessment focused on pain SLRT, Neurological assessment, spinal movements, occupational function and ODI score.Results:-The findings of the study reveals that 80 percent (n=24) subjects showed excellent improvement, another 20 percent (n=6) subjects showed good improvement and no subjects showed poor improvement after the proper surgical treatment by comparing through ODI scoringConclusion :-The results demonstrated that, proper evaluation of the patients with accuracy of level and involvement of disc pathology before operative procedure with appropriate selection of surgery relieves the symptoms and restore the function of patients with least complications and disabilities.