Explore the vast range of titles available.

In the present study, we have demarcated five zones within the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP): (1) Kutch, (2) Western Ghats, (3) Central Son–Narmada, (4) Eastern Son–Narmada and (5) South-Eastern Deccan (SE DVP) to evaluate spatial geochemical variations within the DVP possibly controlled by different eruption loci. True OIB-type unmixed trace element and isotopic signatures are demonstrated by both alkali and tholeiitic basalts from Kutch and a small proportion from Western Ghats. However, large number of tholeiitic basaltic samples from both the zones and Central Son–Narmada zone illustrate sub-continental lithosphere mantle (SCLM) signatures. The Eastern Son–Narmada and SE DVP zones of the DVP show evolved compositions, but are dominantly derived from sub-lithospheric sources. The plume–lithosphere interaction is represented by mixing and/or assimilation and fractional crystallisation (AFC) of plume-derived melts with the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM)-derived melts, sediments preserved in the SCLM, lower crustal (TTG-type) and upper crustal (granitic) components. We argue that melts from the Archaean sediments preserved in the SCLM, represented by calc-alkaline lamprophyres , are the most suited components that interacted with the plume-derived as well as SCLM peridotite-derived melts. Few Kutch zone basalts require granitic components, while some proportion of Western Ghats zone basalts require TTG-type assimilate to explain their isotopic characteristics. Mixing and/or AFC between the plume-derived and sediment-derived melts and SCLM peridotite-derived and sediment-derived melts played fundamental roles in the observed geochemical heterogeneity of the Deccan basalts. We demonstrate that original sub-lithosphere melts may display apparent SCLM signatures by ~10% mixing and/or ~20% AFC of lamprophyre source melts and entire Deccan data considered in the present study can be explained by 20% mixing and/or 50% AFC of plume-derived melts with calc-alkaline lamprophyre as an assimilate. Research Highlights The melts generated from the Archaean sediments preserved in the SCLM, represented by calc-alkaline lamprophyres, are most likely the components that interacted with the plume-derived as well as SCLM-derived partial melts during the formation of DVP. Mixing and/or AFC of calc-alkaline lamprophyres, TTGs and granites by plume-derived melts and SCLM peridotite-derived melts explain total geochemical spread of the Deccan basalts. Approximately, 10% mixing and/or ~20% AFC of Archean calc-alkaline lamprophyre melts can make original sub-lithosphere melts display apparent SCLM signatures. The basalts from the western side of DVP have undergone higher levels of assimilation compared to those from the eastern side.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion on a steady, viscous, magnetohydrodynamic, incompressible, electrically conducting flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid flow over a stretched sheet with mixed convection account taken into consideration along with the presence of a magnetic field, nanofluid particles, thermal diffusion and diffusion thermoeffects. In addition, the characteristics of chemical processes, the Schmidt number, thermophoresis, the Prandtl number and Brownian motion effects are taken into consideration in this research. As a result of the present use of similarity variables, the scope of application for constitutive equations that deal to mass, energy and concentration has been expanded. Making use of the bvp4c solver, which is a computational platform that runs on MATLAB ® , in order to find answers for the problem of governing equations that has been presented. In order to get an accurate measurement of the shear stress as well as the rates of heat and mass transfer at the boundary, the Sherwood number, the Nusselt number and the skin-friction coefficients are used. Tables are a useful tool for doing accurate computations using numerical values. In order to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of the problem, we carry out an in-depth research of the concrete repercussions that are caused by a number of different aspects. After then, we use graphic approaches to accentuate and show the implications that have resulted from the situation. In addition, to get a more thorough knowledge of the memory effects, it is beneficial to do a comparative assessment of the present results and the outcomes from the past.

Dry machining is gaining importance in the present decade due to lower fabrication costs, favourable machining conditions, and non-influence on environmental aspects. Given the above, many researchers have developed composite cutting tools for machining various workpiece materials in the past decade. Still, research is ongoing to develop single-cutting tool material for machining different cutting speeds and temperatures. The current study attempts to overcome the problem by fabricating self-lubricated composite cutting tool material. The composition of the tool structure consists of Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) (Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 (Y 2 O 3 )) with self-lubricating agents viz., NiCr, Ag, Mo, SrSO 4, and CaF 2 . By varying the composition of Mo, SrSO 4, and CaF 2, four different self-lubricating cutting tools (SLTs) were fabricated. The performance of SLTs was measured through chip thickness ratio (CTR), shear angle (SA), and tool wear (TW), and the results were analyzed through chip morphology and surface defects over the machined surface. Turning experiments were done, and the outcomes were compared to the base cutting tool. The SLT-4 with a composition of Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 (Y 2 O 3 )-NiCr-Ag-10SrSO 4 -10Mo-5CaF 2 was observed to have better mechanical and tribological properties and produced the best results for all the performance measures. The generation of intermetallic phases viz., t-ZrO 2 ,m-ZrO 2 , α-Al 2 O 3 , CaO, pseudocubic SrZrO 3 , CaMoO 4 , MoO 3 , MO 4 O 11, NiO, NiCr 2 O 4 , Cr 2 O 3 , Ag 2 MoO 4 , orthorhombic SrZrO 3 was responsible for obtaining better CTR, SA and TW. The type of chips produced and the formed built-up-edge formation influence the machined conditions over a wide range of cutting speeds.

A continuously declining carbon in soils of drylands has increasingly become a source of concern and needs integrated solutions to achieve global food security and sustainability goals. This study analysed the impact and sustainability of management practices for climate change mitigation and food security in dryland tropics using long-term field trials. We compared a consortium of interventions, comprised four treatments, viz. traditional farming, improved practice, and regenerative treatments. Additionally, we presented the results of regeneration practices aimed at maintaining the soil macro and micro-aggregates. Results showed significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC) in the topsoil layer (0–15 cm) of regeneration areas compared to the precision farming area. Our long-term experiments with a consortium of interventions resulted in a promising increase in soil carbon and crop yields. We selected shared socioeconomic pathways for scenarios in future climates and simulated the effect of improved practices in the near and distant future. Our simulation results revealed that adopting improved practices enhanced soil carbon at the rate of 0.7% per year and provided additional income from the yield of pulses in the 2-year rotation. Similarly, we observed an increasing trend in SOC building for improved practices in all future climate scenarios. However, the traditional practice showed a clear decline (0.20–0.15%) in SOC stock for all shared-socio-economic pathways.

The diagnostic accuracy of the currently available tools carries poor sensitivity resulting in significant delay in specific diagnosis of cortical dementias. Considering the properties of default mode networking of the brain it is highly probable that specific changes may be seen in frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) and Alzheimer's disease sufficiently early. The aim of this study is to look for changes in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in cortical dementia. Evaluated with a single pulse TMS with the figure of eight coil and recorded from right first dorsal interossei (FDI). Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) was estimated on the opposite motor cortex (T1). Second site of stimulation was cervical spine at C7-T2. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is equal toT1-T2. Silent Period (SP) identified by applying TMS pulse to contracting FDI. RMT was reduced in seven out of eight Alzheimer's dementias. CMCT was in the upper limit of normal in both patients with FTD. The most consistent observation was that SP was reduced and there were escape discharges noticed during the SP suggesting increased cortical excitability and decreased cortical inhibition. This suggests probable early asymptomatic changes in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) nergic and cholinergic system is taking place. This if confirmed may give some insight into early diagnosis and therapeutic role of GABA agonists in these disorders.

In this present study, identification and quantification pesticide residues in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Gas Liquid chromatography (GLC) method is successfully developed for the determination of profenofos residues. The fish were exposed to 1/10th sublethal concentration of profenofos 10 Вµg/L-1 for 15 days. After the exposure fish was sacrifice and organs like Gil, Liver, Kidney, and Muscle were separated, the fish samples were extracted with n-Hexane, cleaned up and purified through solid-phase extraction method. The residues are in the following order, Gill > Muscle > Kidney > Liver, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of profenofos in Labeo rohita leads to increased accumulation of pesticide residues in tissues.

Background: Recent advances in neurophysiological techniques have contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD). Studies of the motor cortical excitability and central motor pathways have shown variable results. Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the cortical excitability changes in HD using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and correlate the changes with cognitive impairment. Methods: The study included 32 HD patients and 30 age- and gender-matched controls. The demographic and clinical profiles of the patients were recorded. All subjects were evaluated by TMS and resting motor threshold (RMT), central motor conduction time (CMCT), silent period (SP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation were determined. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to all subjects. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.1±14.1 years, and that of controls 39.4±12.4 years (p=0.61). There was no significant difference in RMT and CMCT between the two groups. There was a mild prolongation of the contralateral SP in HD, but it was not significant. SICI was significantly reduced in HD (p<0.0001). A significant impairment in attention, verbal fluency, executive function, visuospatial function, learning, and memory was observed in HD patients. However, there was no correlation between cortical excitability changes and cognitive impairment. Conclusions: TMS is a valuable method of evaluating cortical excitability changes in HD. These patients have reduced SICI and significant impairment of cognition in multiple domains. Évaluation des fonctions cognitives et de l’excitabilité des zones corticales chez des patients atteints de la maladie de Huntington. Contexte: Des progrès récents dans les techniques neurophysiologiques nous ont permis de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de la maladie de Huntington (MH). Des études portant sur l’excitabilité des zones corticales motrices et sur les voies centrales motrices ont toutefois débouché sur des résultats variables. Objectifs: C’est au moyen de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) que nous avons cherché, en ce qui regarde la MH, à évaluer les variations de l’excitabilité des zones corticales. Nous avons aussi cherché à établir une corrélation entre ces variations et une dégradation des facultés cognitives. Méthodes: Notre étude a inclus 32 patients atteints de la MH et 30 témoins appariés selon l’âge et le sexe. Les profils démographiques et cliniques des patients ont été ensuite consignés. Tous les sujets de l’étude ont été évalués au moyen de la SMT ; ont été déterminés les seuils moteur au repos (SMR), les temps de conduction centrale (TCC), les intervalle de silence électro-cérébral, les processus d’inhibition intra-corticale à court intervalle ainsi que les processus de facilitation intra-corticale. Une série de tests neuropsychologiques ont également été administrés à tous les sujets de l’étude. Résultats: L’âge moyen des patients était de 42,1±14,1 ans ; celui des témoins, 39,4±12,4 ans (p=0,61). Aucune différence notable n’a été observée entre ces deux groupes quant aux SMR et aux TCC. Un allongement modéré de l’intervalle controlatéral de silence électro-cérébral a aussi été noté dans le cas de la MH mais il ne s’est pas avéré significatif. Les résultats en matière de processus d’inhibition intra-corticale à court intervalle ont été réduits de façon importante dans le cas de la MH (p<0,0001). Ajoutons qu’une dégradation cognitive importante a été rapportée chez les patients atteints de la MH, et ce, pour plusieurs fonctions : l’attention, la fluidité verbale, l’exécution de tâches, l’exploration visuo-spatiale, l’apprentissage et la mémoire. Cela dit, aucune corrélation n’a pu être établie entre des variations de l’excitabilité des zones corticales et une dégradation des facultés cognitives. Conclusions: La SMT constitue une méthode utile pour évaluer les variations de l’excitabilité des zones corticales dans le cas de patients atteints de la MH. Ces derniers ont donné à voir des processus d’inhibition intra-corticale à court intervalle réduits ainsi qu’une dégradation importante de nombreuses fonctions cognitives.

Purpose: Endocrinal insufficiency caused by vasculotoxic snake envenomation is under-recognized and is mostly confined to a specific geographic area. We conducted a prospective study to determine the prevalence and pattern of pituitary-target gland insufficiencies caused by snake envenomation. Materials and Methods: The hormonal evaluation of patients who had suffered from vasculotoxic snake envenomation was done at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up. Those patients with a documented hormonal insufficiency underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hypothalamo-pituitary area. The severity of envenomation was assessed by the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE-II) score, the sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and the snake bite severity score (SBSS) for all patients. Results: Seventy-six patients were seen during the study period, of which 60 were available for a repeat hormonal evaluation at 6 months, with the majority of patients belonging to the middle age group (mean age, 37.6 ± 14.9 years). The mean lag period at presentation was 32 ± 20 h. Thirty-five patients (46.1%) had coagulopathy, 20 patients (26.3%) had acute kidney injury (AKI), and 8 of 76 patients (10.5%) needed renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the form of hemodialysis. Six patients (out of 41 with vasculotoxic bites) developed chronic hypopituitarism, which was in continuation with the acute hypopituitarism that they developed. Growth hormone and glucocorticoid deficiencies were the most common endocrinopathies observed. The occurrence of hypopituitarism was observed only in patients with a vasculotoxic snake bite (due to Russell's viper); coagulopathy, renal insufficiency, or any of the scoring tools did not predict the occurrence of hypopituitarism. Conclusion: Acute asymptomatic and chronic symptomatic or asymptomatic hypopituitarism are important sequelae of viper bite in a small proportion of patients and can occur in the presence of normal pituitary imaging. Routine prospective pituitary hormone screening should be done in all patients within the first 6 months of envenomation by the vasculotoxic snakebite as chronic pituitary dysfunction can often occur in these patients.

Three distinct alkaline magmas, represented by shonkinite, lamprophyre and alkali basalt dikes, characterize a significant magmatic expression of rift-related mantle-derived igneous activity in the Mesoproterozoic Prakasam Alkaline Province, SE India. In the present study we have estimated emplacement velocities (ascent rates) for these three varied alkaline magmas and compared with other silicate magmas to explore composition control on the ascent rates. The alkaline dikes have variable widths and lengths with none of the dykes wider than 1 m. The shonkinites are fine- to medium-grained rocks with clinopyroxene, phologopite, amphibole, K-feldspar perthite and nepheline as essential minerals. They exhibit equigranular hypidiomorphic to foliated textures. Lamprophyres and alkali basalts characteristically show porphyritic textures. Olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole and biotite are distinct phenocrysts in lamprophyres whereas olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase form the phenocrystic mineralogy in the alkali basalts. The calculated densities [2.54-2.71 g/cc for shonkinite; 2.61-2.78 g/cc for lamprophyre; 2.66-2.74 g/cc for alkali basalt] and viscosities [3.11-3.39 Pa s for shonkinite; 3.01-3.28 Pa s for lamprophyre; 2.72-3.09 Pa s for alkali basalt] are utilized to compute velocities (ascent rates) of the three alkaline magmas. Since the lamprophyres and alkali basalts are crystal-laden, we have also calculated effective viscosities to infer crystal control on the velocities. Twenty percent of crystals in the magma increase the viscosity by 2.7 times consequently decrease ascent rate by 2.7 times compared to the crystal-free magmas. The computed ascent rates range from 0.11-2.13 m/sec, 0.23-2.77 m/sec and 1.16-2.89 m/sec for shonkinite, lamprophyre and alkali basalt magmas respectively. Ascent rates increase with the width of the dykes and density difference, and decrease with magma viscosity and proportion of crystals. If a constant width of 1 m is assumed in the magma-filled dike propagation model, then the sequence of emplacement velocities in the decreasing order is alkaline magmas (4.68-15.31 m/sec) > ultramafic-mafic magmas (3.81-4.30 m/sec) > intermediate-felsic magmas (1.76-2.56 m/sec). We propose that SiO2 content in the terrestrial magmas can be modeled as a semi-quantitative \"geospeedometer\" of the magma ascent rates.

Castor ( Ricinus communis L.) is an important oil seed crop having its main cultivated area in India, China, and Brazil in dry land farming. Castor husk is generated as waste in castor oil production. Use of castor husk waste as substrate is studied for alkaline protease production by Bacillus altitudinis GVC11 in solid-state fermentation. Various parameters like moisture content, incubation period, particle size, effect of carbon and nitrogen sources are studied and optimized for enzyme production. Highest enzyme production of 419,293 units per gram husk is obtained. Cost of enzyme production can be reduced by using castor husk as substrate.