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This study aims to examine the determinants influencing brand-switching decisions during an economic recession period in the Egyptian emerging market. It investigates the main factors in driving consumer brand switching across all product categories. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed to address the literature gap by conceptually and empirically examining the drivers of brand-switching decisions under unstable market conditions and their effect on consumer purchasing behavior. After forming an extensive theoretical review, a conceptual model was developed and tested through the use of 281 collected questionnaires and supported by 13 in-depth personal interviews with Egyptian consumers to gain in-depth explanations for the results. The data was analyzed through the use of rank order question (ordinal scale), assignment problem, and Hotelling's T-square test by using SPSS V.27 and Management Sciences Package software. The results revealed that price is the most influential determinant of brand switching across all product categories during economic distress. Furthermore, practical implications for marketers and business managers are provided, offering strategic recommendations to help in navigating through economic downturns and preserve competitive advantage in the market. These insights are crucial for crafting adaptive marketing strategies that retain existing consumers and attract new consumers to minimize the impact of economic challenges on brands' performance.

Gamification has emerged as a transformative approach in education, using game design elements to improve student engagement and academic performance. Despite its relevance, there is still a gap in understanding and evaluating its effectiveness in educational contexts. This review article examines the role of gamification techniques in improving student performance and learning outcomes. It focuses on theoretical frameworks, key components, and applications, particularly in children's education. Additionally, it explores challenges and contradictions in the existing literature, as well as factors influencing its success and cognitive impact. Finally, the review identifies research gaps and suggests directions for future studies to optimize the use of gamification in education.

Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a widespread metabolic disorder characterized by poor regulation of blood glucose and resistance to insulin. Dietary strategies play a crucial role in the management of T2DM, and the Paleolithic Diet (PD), which emphasizes whole, unprocessed foods, has demonstrated potential in enhancing glycemic control and overall metabolic function. However, its comparative efficacy against standard treatments remains a subject of ongoing debate. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Paleolithic Diet (PD) on glycemic control as the primary outcome and its impact on insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles as secondary outcomes in patients with T2DM. Methods A total of 100 individuals diagnosed with T2DM were recruited and allocated into two groups: the intervention group ( n  = 50), which followed the PD alongside standard therapy, and the control group ( n  = 50), which received standard therapy alone. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and three months post-intervention, focusing on glycemic parameters (fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR), lipid markers (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL), and anthropometric data (BMI, waist circumference). Results At baseline, both groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, diabetes duration, and laboratory measurements. After three months, the intervention group exhibited significantly better glycemic outcomes, including lower fasting glucose levels (152.45 ± 22.67 vs. 189.11 ± 21.98 mg/dl, 95% CI: -8.99, + 13.21 p  = 0.001), HbA1c values (6.23 ± 1.98 vs. 8.90 ± 2.11%,95% CI: -3.42,-2.42 p  = 0.03), and HOMA-IR scores (1.64 ± 0.50 vs. 2.38 ± 0.37, 95% CI: -1.43,-0.97 p  < 0.001). Additionally, participants in the PD group showed marked improvements in lipid profiles, with reductions in cholesterol (149.18 ± 29.09 vs. 201.26 ± 20.11 mg/dl, 95% CI: -98.21,-71.45 p  < 0.001), triglycerides (111.54 ± 18.67 vs. 136.44 ± 34.90 mg/dl, 95% CI: -45.21,-21.98 p  = 0.01), and LDL (109.10 ± 21.50 vs. 134.33 ± 12.37 mg/dl, 95% CI: -30.54,-11.48 p  = 0.01). No notable changes in BMI or waist circumference were observed in either group. Conclusion This study suggests that the Paleolithic Diet (PD) may lead to improvements in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles in patients with T2DM over a three-month period. Participants following the PD showed lower fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR scores compared to the control group, as well as improvements in cholesterol and triglyceride levels.