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Previous studies have revealed that reading fiction is associated with dispositional empathy and theory-of-mind abilities. Earlier studies established a correlation between fiction reading habits and the two measures of social cognition: trait fantasy (i.e., the tendency to transpose oneself into fictitious characters) and performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; a test of the ability to identify others’ mental states based on their eyes). Recently, experimental studies have shown that brief exposure to fiction enhances RMET performance. Nevertheless, these studies have been conducted only in Western countries, and few published studies have investigated these relationships in Asian countries. This research aims to address this gap. Study 1, which involved 338 Japanese undergraduates, conceptually replicated the previously reported correlations between fiction reading and fantasy and RMET scores (after statistically controlling for the effect of outliers). However, Study 2, which involved 304 Japanese undergraduates, failed to replicate the causal relationship. Participants read an excerpt either from literary fiction or from nonfiction, or engaged in a calculation task, before completing the RMET. Brief exposure to literary fiction did not increase the RMET score. In sum, this study replicated the associations of fiction reading with fantasy and RMET scores in Japan, but failed to replicate the causal relationship.

Screw propellers, while commonly used in underwater propulsion, suffer from issues such as entanglement, noise, and reduced visibility. In contrast, fish tail fin propulsion offers minimal environmental impact, superior obstacle avoidance, and high maneuverability in confined spaces, thus exhibiting excellent compatibility with underwater environments. Consequently, fish-like robots are considered promising for underwater exploration in disaster zones and ecological surveys. Although various fish-like robots have been developed, replicating the smooth, continuous streamlined shape of real fish using multi-link structures remains challenging. While flexible materials have been employed to create continuous structures, issues concerning body shape and surface integrity during swimming persist. Therefore, this study aims to develop a robot that maintains a continuous streamlined body shape using a silicone-based outer skin. The robot’s external shape is designed based on 3D scan data of Japanese horse mackerel, and a wire-driven bending mechanism with a flexible outer skin that prevents wrinkling during bending is developed. Swimming experiments demonstrated that the developed robot maintained a smooth and continuous body structure without wrinkles during bending, successfully replicating carangiform swimming, particularly the coordinated movement of the tail fin and body. Furthermore, the relationship between the robot’s swimming speed and tail fin frequency closely matched that of a real horse mackerel, confirming the achievement of efficient swimming.

McKibben pneumatic actuators (MPAs) are soft actuators that exert tension by inflating a rubber tube with compressed air. Although electropneumatic regulators can control air pressure, their cost and size limit their applications. This study employs a dynamic quantizer to control an MPA using a small solenoid valve that can only open or close, as opposed to an electropneumatic regulator. A dynamic quantizer is a type of quantizer that converts continuous signals into discrete signals. Our previous study confirmed that the tension or length control of MPA can be achieved using a dynamic quantizer. As MPA exerts force only in the direction of contraction, multiple MPAs must be combined when using them as robot actuators. This study demonstrates that control using a dynamic quantizer is feasible, even when multiple MPAs are employed. We focused on a pendulum driven by two MPAs to achieve angle-tracking control using a dynamic-quantizer-based control method. The results of numerical simulations and experimental tests confirm that the angle of the pendulum can be controlled using MPAs with a dynamic quantizer.

A McKibben-type pneumatic actuator (MPA) is a soft actuator that generates tension by inflating a rubber tube with compressed air. Electropneumatic regulators are typically employed to regulate air pressure in MPAs. However, they are normally large in size and expensive, which are significant obstacles to the autonomous decentralized control of many MPAs in achieving various robot motions. In this study, the exerted tension of the MPA was controlled using a small solenoid valve that could be opened and closed instead of an electropneumatic regulator. To achieve this tension control, we proposed the use of a dynamic quantizer that converts continuous pressure values into discrete pressure values and controls the solenoid valve based on the discretized pressure values. The proposed method was applied to feedforward and feedback control of the exerted MPA tension under isometric conditions. Experiments on an actual device with a small solenoid valve demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method based on a dynamic quantizer.

Recently, soft actuators have gained considerable attention owing to their flexibility and high output-to-weight ratios. The McKibben pneumatic actuator (MPA), a type of soft artificial muscle, is an actuator that generates force by inflating a rubber tube with compressed air. Conventional MPAs, such as linear actuators, generate force along straight lines; hence, achieving complex movements, such as bending using a single muscle, can be challenging. In this study, we enabled bending movements in MPA by applying an elastic adhesive coating to MPA. Experimental results demonstrated that the coated MPA successfully performed bending movements. Furthermore, we confirmed that the curvature and fiber angles of the coated and uncoated surfaces changed with applied pressure, thereby indicating that the adhesive can be used to control the fiber angles and achieve the desired curvature.

Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are soft actuators that generate tension via contraction when supplied with compressed air. Although PAMs have been widely used in robots mimicking endoskeletal organisms, recent advancements in millimeter-scale thin PAMs have enabled a more precise replication of complex musculoskeletal systems. In contrast, exoskeletal organisms, such as crustaceans and insects actuate their joints using pennate muscles embedded within their exoskeletons. However, integrating actuators into the exoskeletons of exoskeletal-inspired robots is challenging owing to spatial constraints. Consequently, wire and servo-driven mechanisms are predominantly employed, and studies on exoskeletal robots incorporating the muscle-apodeme structures of exoskeletal organisms remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, this paper presents the development of a crab-inspired robotic walking leg featuring an exoskeletal structure with embedded pneumatic artificial pennate muscles, modeled after the muscle-apodeme structures of snow crabs. The experimental evaluations demonstrated that the robot successfully performed joint opening and closing motions, achieving a range of motion comparable to that of a snow crab.

McKibben pneumatic actuators (MPAs) are soft actuators that exert tension by applying compressed air to expand a rubber tube. Although electro-pneumatic regulators can control air pressure, most are large and expensive. This study utilizes a dynamic quantizer to control the MPA with a small solenoid valve that can only open and close the valve instead of an electro-pneumatic regulator. A dynamic quantizer is one of the quantizers that converts continuous signals to discrete signals. Our previous study confirmed that tension control of MPA under isometric conditions could be realized using a dynamic quantizer. However, it is often necessary to control the length of the MPA as well as the tension of the MPA. This study implements a dynamic quantizer to control the length of the MPA with a small solenoid valve. Numerical simulations and experimental tests verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results of the numerical simulations and experimental tests confirmed that the length of the MPA can be controlled using the dynamic quantizer.

Prejudice related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a social issue worldwide. A possible psychological factor that promotes prejudice is the belief in just deserts (BJD) regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 ( i.e. , the belief that the infected individual deserves to be infected). The BJD is based on the belief in immanent justice. It is reportedly higher in Japan than in other countries. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the BJD among Japanese individuals and clarify its associations with demographic factors or infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics. To this end, we conducted an online questionnaire survey in Japan from August 7–8, 2020, with 1,207 respondents aged 20–69 years. We performed screening to exclude inappropriate responses. We investigated the association between the BJD and demographic factors such as gender and age. We also investigated the association between the BJD and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics, including risk perception of COVID-19 infection and human rights restrictions ( i.e. , the degree of agreement with government restrictions on individuals’ behavior during emergencies). Among the surveyed items, human rights restrictions showed a strong association with BJD, followed by risk perception of COVID-19 infection. Men had a slightly higher BJD than women. Our study is significant in that it is the first to investigate the items associated with the BJD, thereby providing foundational information for revising individual perceptions of justice related to COVID-19 and solving prejudice-related issues.

Background Parents of autistic children often experience high levels of stress and depressive symptoms. Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in alleviating depression and reducing stress, its delivery requires trained personnel and considerable time, limiting accessibility. Smartphone applications may provide a feasible alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy of smartphone-delivered behavioral activation, assertiveness training, and problem-solving therapy in improving depressive symptoms and reducing stress among parents of autistic children. Methods This was an individually randomized, parallel-group, multicenter trial. Eligible participants were parents aged 24 to < 60 years caring for biological children aged 6 to < 16 years diagnosed with autism by child psychiatrists. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to a smartphone-based intervention or a control group that received psychoeducation only. Both groups continued treatment as usual. The intervention consisted of an 8-week smartphone application program delivering behavioral activation, assertiveness training, and problem-solving therapy. The primary endpoint was the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score at Week 8. Secondary outcomes included Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores at Weeks 4 and 8, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Skills Scale scores, presenteeism assessed with the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) at Week 8, and app usage. Results A total of 63 parents were randomized to the intervention group ( n  = 31) or control group ( n  = 32). Changes in PHQ-9 scores from baseline to Week 8 did not differ significantly between groups. No significant between-group differences were observed for GAD-7, CBT Skills, or HPQ presenteeism at Week 8. Conclusions The smartphone-based intervention did not demonstrate additional benefits over psychoeducation alone in reducing depressive symptoms. Although symptoms improved in both groups, no significant between-group differences were observed, and the findings should be interpreted cautiously given the limited statistical power. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in UMINCTR (ID UMIN000052319) on October 1, 2023.

The McKibben pneumatic actuator (MPA) is a soft actuator used for performing various practical functions in robots. Particularly, many dynamic robots have been realized using MPAs. However, there is a trade-off between torque generated by MPA and the range of motion of the joint. In this study, we focus on the jumping motion of a leg-type robot and use an elliptical pulley whose moment arm changes depending on the robot’s posture. To confirm the effectiveness of the elliptical pulley, the relationship between the knee joint pulley (patella) shape and jumping height was analyzed by simulation, and the shape of the patella maximizing jumping height was determined. It was shown that an elongated elliptical patella shape is more effective for the jumping motion than a circular one. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the analytically determined patella shape was confirmed by experiments using an actual robot.