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Solar energy is a renewable energy source that can be utilized for different applications in today’s world. The effective use of solar energy requires a storage medium that can facilitate the storage of excess energy, and then supply this stored energy when it is needed. An effective method of storing thermal energy from solar is through the use of phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs are isothermal in nature, and thus offer higher density energy storage and the ability to operate in a variable range of temperature conditions. This article provides a comprehensive review of the application of PCMs for solar energy use and storage such as for solar power generation, water heating systems, solar cookers, and solar dryers. This paper will benefit the researcher in conducting further research on solar power generation, water heating system, solar cookers, and solar dryers using PCMs for commercial development.

Increasing computational capabilities and the miniaturization of computer devices have led to an increase in heat flux, which can result in a decrease in the lifespan of CPUs. In fact, 55% of CPU failures are caused by excessive heat. This has driven research in CPU heat dissipation. This experimental study utilizes a Parangkusumo batik-inspired heatsink design, with copper as the material, manufactured using 3D Printing metal. Additionally, the experiment combines the BatiX heatsink with PCM RT 35, injected into the heatsink to enhance heat dissipation. The experiment in-volves varying the heat load, air temperature, and airflow velocity to assess the heat dissipation performance at higher temperatures and determine the Nusselt correlation on the BatiX heatsink fins. The findings demonstrates that the addition of PCM can reduce CPU surface temperature by up to 8% and increase the setpoint time within the range of 5-10%.

•The top daylight system in urban densely populated Kampung Kota was tested.•Six room configurations with different size spaces and materials were evaluated.•Housing with light pipe two-side aperture was analysed as a case study.•There are changes in visual level and thermal condition. Daylight is one of the essential criteria for decent housing. However, in an urban kampung, access to daylight is limited due to the high-density population in urban Kampung Kota. This study aims to improve the visual and thermal conditions by modifying the aperture of the light pipe based on visual daylight distribution, illuminance level, and thermal conditions in multi-storey houses in hot-humid climates. Light pipe was developed experimentally through the simulation model to investigate the performance and impact on the visual and thermal conditions like operational temperature and RH in densely populated Kampung Kota without vertical apertures. According to the results, the two-aperture light pipe residential space enhanced the current situation but did not fulfill the standards. The two aperture light pipe visually improved daylight distribution by 1.05% –31.36% and illumination level by 8.4% - 14.8%. We also found that light pipe also impacts thermal conditions with a 10.92% RH reduction while at the same time increasing temperature up to 10.57%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a two-aperture light pipe has the potential to be applied to actual conditions in hot-humid climates. [Display omitted]

Loop heat pipes (LHPs) with Lotus-Type Porous Copper (LTP Copper) capillary wick are expected to be applied to battery thermal management systems for safe operation at high performance with a long service life. Sintered LTP Copper is a high permeability porous metal with an excellent capillary pumping characteristic. The objective of this work is to determine the performance of the battery thermal management system using LHP with sintered LTP Copper capillary wick experimentally. The experiment used two battery simulators made of aluminum. The heat generation of the battery was simulated using cartridge heaters. The LHP was made of 10 m OD copper tube, and the sintered LTP Copper capillary wick was placed in the liquid line. Water was used as working fluid with filling ratio of 50%. The evaporator section of the LHP was inserted between the battery simulators surfaces. A thermostatic bath was used to regulate the condenser cooling fluid temperature. K-type 0.3 mm thermocouples were used for temperature measurement, and a digital power meter was used to measure the electric power. Experiments were conducted with various heating power with the condenser cooling fluid temperature was kept at 28°C. At a heat generation of 20 W, the LHP was capable of maintaining the battery surface temperature below 50°C. At a heat generation of 40 W, the utilization of LHP with LTP Copper can reduce the average battery simulator surface temperature from 93°C to 65°C.

The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the growth of energy-related CO2 emissions in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), with specific emphasis on identifying its trends and underlying drivers. This objective is premised on the arguments that: (1) there is a general lack of analysis of energy-related CO2 emissions growth across ASEAN countries; and (2) such an analysis is critical, because it could enable an assessment to be made of the efficacy of existing energy policies for reducing emissions. Decomposition analysis is the main approach adopted in this paper. The findings of this paper suggest that the growth of energy-related CO2 emissions has slowed in some major emitters in the region, due to energy efficiency improvement, and, to a lesser extent, a gradual switch in energy fuel mix towards lower emission sources (gas and renewables). However, this improvement is unlikely to drive a major transformation in the energy sectors of the region to the extent considered adequate for redressing the challenge of rising emissions, as indicated by a steady emissions growth in most ASEAN countries over the entire study period (1971–2016). By implication, this suggests that a significant scale-up of existing policy effort is needed to rectify the situations.

In an effort to develop effective anti-amoebic agent, a salt type complex, namely [Ce(Pic)2(H2O)(EO4)](Pic)·H2O complex, was synthesized and screened for in vitro anti-amoebic activity against Acanthamoeba sp. This Ce(III) complex has been characterized by microelemental analysis, and IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the data suggested the structural formula. Single X-ray crystallography structure showed that the Ce(III) ion is bicapped square antiprismatic with the O2 and O5 atoms occupying the top of the capping position forming a 10-coordination number. The cytotoxicity indicated that Ce salt and Ce(III) complex have an excellent anti-amoebic activity with IC50 values as low as 3.75 and 3 µg/mL, respectively, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in Acanthamoeba sp. viability. The mode of cell death in Acanthamoeba cells upon treated with the Ce(III) complex was in the early apoptosis and necrosis. This is in contrast to the Ce(NO3)3·6H2O salt which exhibited necrosis. Both Ce(III) complex and Ce salt on the Acanthamoeba cell exhibited the genotoxic effect on the amoeba cells by looking at scoring DNA damage in types 3 and 4. The complexation form of Ce salt, picric acid (HPic) and tetraethylene glycol (EO4) to produce Ce(III) complex is expected to exhibit synergistic effects to show anti-amoebic activity. The molecular formula of Ce(III) complex and crystal packing hydrogen bonding of this compound is responsible for its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Overall results suggested the promising cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of monoclinic Ce(III) complex against Acanthamoeba sp., the preparation method using slow evaporation as a synthetic strategy to design lanthanide complex and the advancement in the synthesis of novel lanthanide complexes with comprehensive evaluation as anti-amoebic agents.

One way to save electrical energy is by directly reducing the energy consumption and using materials that able to absorb heat. The best material in absorbing heat is paraffin. Paraffin is a group of organic Phase Change Material (PCM) which has high latent heat. Adding nanoparticles to the paraffin is expected to increase the latent heat of nano-PCM. The research aims to find out the thermal properties of nano PCM based paraffin and engineered to improve its latent heat. In this research, PCM material used is paraffin with Fe3O4, CuO, TiO2, and ZnO nanoparticles are added. Nano - PCM is synthesized using sonification methods with variations of 5, 10, and 15 wt%. Latent heat of thermal properties and a melting point of paraffin nano-PCM are measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results show the latent heat of paraffin nano-PCM has increased by 20.67%, 78.89%, 7.5%, and 20.17% for the addition of Fe3O4 (5 wt%), CuO (10 wt%), TiO2 (15 wt%), and ZnO (5 wt%) respectively. The better nano PCM in storing latent heat is paraffin-CuO at a mass fraction of 10 wt%. Meanwhile, the addition of nanoparticles has no significant effect on the melting point. These results showed that paraffin based nano-PCM is an excellent thermal energy storage.

Bamboo has been known for its sustainability and versatility, which presents a promising green alternative material from tropical countries. This paper explores bamboo’s potential as an encapsulation material for liquid phase change material (PCM), addressing leakage and fungal growth. The experimental procedures involve treating two different types of bamboo (black and tropical green) to see their capability as an encapsulation for phase change material. In addition, three experiments were applied: waterproofing, varnish, and pre-treatment. Qualitative analysis is conducted over a consecutive fourteen-day period, evaluating all the twenty different samples with different treatments as they hold the liquid PCM. Several pre-treated bamboos show leakage. Consequently, varnishing and waterproofing treatments emerged as crucial in effectively addressing bamboo encapsulation. The findings demonstrate that tropical green bamboo, treated with waterproofing on both sides, exhibited impeccable leakage prevention and successfully removed fungal growth, even when exposed to extended periods of moisture.

The existence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments presents significant challenges to both the environment and public health. This study examines the adsorption efficacy of six organic adsorbents, such as three commercial (coconut shells [CS], palm kernel shells [PKS], and graphite [GR]) and three waste-based materials (plantain peels [PP], water hyacinth leaves [WHL], and corn cobs [CC]) for DOM removal. The waste-derived adsorbents were prepared using thermal and chemical activation techniques, while the commercial adsorbents were used in their standard forms. Adsorption experiments were conducted and analyzed using both kinetic and isotherm models to evaluate removal efficiency and underlying mechanisms. Kinetic modeling revealed that CS, PP, CC, and GR followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, PKS conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics, and WHL exhibited intra-particle diffusion dominance. The Freundlich isotherm model effectively characterizes the adsorption equilibrium for every material, indicating the multilayer adsorption and heterogeneity of the adsorbent surfaces. Among all tested materials, GR showed the highest DOM removal efficiency (up to 96%) and excellent thermal stability, making it the most effective adsorbent overall. WHL also showed competitive performance, while CS emerged as the most economically viable option despite having slightly lower removal efficiency. Surface area alone does not guarantee adsorption efficiency. Pore accessibility (governed by size/distribution) and surface chemistry (functional group diversity) are equally critical. The findings suggest that both commercial and waste-derived adsorbents hold promise for sustainable and cost-effective water treatment applications. Integrating such materials could enhance the circular economy and offer scalable solutions for addressing water quality issues in developing regions.

Nanofluid is a liquid fluid mixture with a nanometer-sized solid particle potentially applied as a heat transfer fluid because it is capable of producing a thermal conductivity better than a base fluid. However, nanofluids have a weakness that is a high level of agglomeration as the resulting conductivity increases. Therefore, in this study, the synthesis of two nanoparticles into the base fluid called hybrid nanofluids. This study aims to determine the effect of nanoparticle composition on the highest thermal conductivity value with the lowest agglomeration value. This research was conducted by dispersing Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 nanoparticles in water with volume fraction of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% in the composition of Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 ratio of 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%:75%. The synthesis was performed with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. The tests were carried out in three types: thermal conductivity testing with KD2, visual agglomeration observation and absorbance measurements using UV-Vis, wettability testing with HSVC tools and Image applications. The test results showed that the ratio composition ratio of 75% Al 2 O 3 -25% TiO 2 with a volume fraction of 0.7% resulted in an increase in optimum thermal conductivity with the best wettability and the longest agglomeration level.