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The dentoskeletal morphology of Class II malocclusion has been analyzed in several cephalometric investigations. It is crucially important to understand the vertical components in orthodontic treatment. Defining the facial type of an individual is an essential key to obtain an accurate orthodontic diagnosis. The aim of this study was to understand the correlation of vertical components in Class II skeletal malocclusion. This is a observational descriptive study. This study used lateral cephalograms of Class II skeletal malocclusion from Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital, between April 2015 and 2016. Cephalometric analysis was performed using digital software by a single examiner. This analysis measured gonial (Go), upper gonial (Go ), lower gonial (Go ), Yaxis-SN angle, the length of anterior face height, and posterior face height. The correlation between each variable was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test ( <0.01). There was a correlation between vertical components and Class II skeletal malocclusion. Vertical components were correlated with Class II skeletal malocclusion. The greater ANB angle will be followed by greater Go , which worsens the condition of Class II skeletal malocclusion.

The impacted and transposed teeth cause consequences in tooth eruption and movement, resulting in aesthetic and functional outcomes. A proper treatment plan with treatment duration and cost consideration is necessary to treat them. This study reported treatment for a 23-year-old male patient with impacted and transposed canine in maxilla using a multidisciplinary method between orthodontic and conservation. According to the anamnesis of the patient, his upper arch midline contained an extra tooth when he was a child. With the consideration of the duration and cost of treatment, the preferable and manageable treatment fell into the correction using a fixed orthodontic appliance with careful mechanics and enameloplasty to achieve the aesthetic and functional goal.

Background: Alveolar bone defect regeneration has long been problematic in the field of dentistry. Gingival stromal progenitor cells (GSPCs) offer a promising solution for alveolar bone regeneration. In order to optimally differentiate and proliferate progenitor cells, growth factors (GFs) are required. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) has many GFs and can be easily manufactured. Core-binding factor subunit-α1 (CBF-α1) constitutes a well-known osteogenic differentiation transcription factor in SPCs. Sox9, as a chondrogenic transcription factor, interacts and inhibits CBF-α1, but its precise role in direct in vitro osteogenesis remains unknown. GSPCs cultured in vitro in PRF to optimally stimulate osteogenic differentiation has been largely overlooked. The aim of this study was to analyze GSPCs cultured in PRF osteogenic differentiation predicted by CBF-α1/Sox9. Methods : This study used a true experimental with post-test only control group design and random sampling. GPSCs isolated from the lower gingiva of four healthy, 250-gram, 1-month old, male Wistar rats ( Rattus Novergicus ) were cultured for two weeks, passaged every 4-5 days. GSPCs in passage 3-5 were cultured in five M24 plates (N=108; n=6/group) for Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 in three different mediums (control negative group: αModified Eagle Medium; control positive group: High Glucose-Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM-HG) + osteogenic medium; Treatment group: DMEM-HG + osteogenic medium + PRF). CBF-α1 and Sox9 were examined with ICC monoclonal antibody. A one-way ANOVA continued with Tukey HSD test (p<0.05) based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Levene's tests (p>0.05) was performed. Results: The treatment group showed the highest CBF-α1/Sox9 ratio (16.00±3.000/14.33±2.517) on Day 7, while the lowest CBF-α1/Sox9 ratio (3.33±1.528/3.67±1.155) occurred in the control negative group on Day 21, with significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: GSPCs cultured in PRF had potential osteogenic differentiation ability predicted by the CBF-α1/sox9 ratio.

Background: Adhesive bonding is the material used to attach a bracket to the enamel surface of the tooth. Streptococcus mutans contributes to enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To analyze the antimicrobial inhibitory effect of Streptococcus mutans bacteria and tensile strength of chitosan and CaCO3-based adhesive bonding material. Materials and Methods: The investigation constituted laboratory experimental research featuring analytical observation and a random sampling method. The antibacterial inhibitory effect of chitosan and CaCO3-based adhesive bonding against Streptococcus mutans involved six groups: two control groups using commercial light cure and self-cure adhesive bonding products and four groups using adhesive bonding consisting of 75% CaCO3 + 17.6% Bis-GMA + 22.4% MMA with various percentages of chitosan composition (A1: 25%, A2: 50%, A3: 75%, and A4: 100%) each group consisting of two samples (n = 12). A diametric test was conducted consisting of three samples (n = 15) to measure the tensile strength of each group. Data were analyzed by a combination of one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference tests. Result: The antibacterial inhibitory effect showed significant differences between groups (A1: 2.9467 ± 0.4163, A2: 3.6500 ± 0.6245, A3: 5.1267 ± 0.2517, A4: 4.7267 ± 0.9238; P = 0.0000; P < 0.05). A diametric tensile strength test confirmed significant differences between groups (A1: 7.2733 ± 5.0046, A2: 6.7667 ± 4.4346, A3: 6.4533 ± 2.9994, A4: 1.0058 ± 1.0058, K1: 15.6167 ± 3.1250; P = 0.009; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan-based adhesive bonding with good tensile strength has an antibacterial inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the various protocols for treating class II/1 malocclusion, determine the one-phase and two-phase treatment approaches, and identify the best time to provide effective and efficient treatment. Materials and Methods: An electronic search in four major databases-PubMed, Scopus, ScieLo, and Google Scholar-was completed on March 4, 2021. A search was performed on the orthodontic treatment of class II/1 over the last 10 years, and 2002 papers were obtained. Results: A total of 52 journal articles matched the inclusion criteria. Class II/1 malocclusion was more commonly found with class II/1 skeletal analysis, and one-phase treatment was preferred over two-phase treatment. One of the keys to successful treatment is the effectiveness of the treatment, which depends on the time of the treatment intervention and the appliance used. Conclusions: Determination of treatment is highly dependent on the characteristics of the malocclusion, age, and remaining growth. Due to the complexity of the case, knowledge and experience are needed in managing class II malocclusion.

Bracket bonding in tooth enamel with total-etch material is a general practice procedure. The researchers combine etchant and bonding procedures in one application or called self-etch. This procedure is a solution for timesaving in bonding procedures and minimizing enamel damage without degrading the ability to sustain bond strength during the application of an orthodontic appliance. The aim of this research is to know the comparison between shear strength, ARI value, and enamel crack length between total-etch and self-etch adhesive material. Eighteenth teeth are divided into three groups which are K-1 as a control group without etchant application, K2 as the self-etch material group, and K-3 as the total etch material group. All teeth practiced shear strength test by Universal Testing Machine Autograph. After bracket removal, an Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) test was performed and followed by cleaning the adhesive remnant with tungsten carbide burs and continued by enamel crack test by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). According to the OneWay Anova result, there is a difference between shear strength, ARI value, and significant enamel crack length (p<0.05) between the control group, self-etch group, and total-etch group. Total etch material has higher shear strength, higher ARI value, and higher enamel crack length number than self-etch material.

Factors such as multipotent ability, the presence of immunomodulators and the capacity to migrate directly to the tissue can initiate tissue regeneration through angiogenesis. [...]in turn, can enhance neovascularization which improves the microangiopathic conditions that occur due to DM, especially in the salivary glands.16-18 MSCs can be recruited and mobilized to inflammation sites, as well as those resulting from injury, where they can be incorporated into the microenvironment of ischemic tissue. [...]research needs to be undertaken.18 The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HDPSCs in stimulating angiogenesis, acinar cell numbers and TGF-ß serum to regenerate submandibular gland defects in diabetic Wistar rats. Cell regeneration did not achieve the complete phase of cell formation on either day 7 or day 14. [...]it did not show a significant increase when observed with the HE stained microscope. [...]in progressive disease conditions such as DM, autologous division cannot compensate the damage and have impact on tissue function. [...]regeneration of additional progenitor cells is needed.

Background: Stainless brackets containing nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are attached to the patient's teeth and interact with the oral environment to cause corrosion. The release of chromium and nickel metals can enter the body and come into direct contact with the tissues. Factors that can cause ion release in stainless orthodontic brackets are temperature, microflora, oral enzymes, quality and quantity of saliva, changes in acidity (pH) of saliva, plaque, protein, physical and chemical properties of food and beverages. Objective: To describe the amount of Cr and Ni ions released on the use of stainless steel brackets in saliva through a narrative review. Methods: The data source of this research was obtained through a literature search through a database. Study about the level of Ni and Cr ions in saliva due to the release of Ni and Cr bracket stainless steel in-vitro. Results: the difference in brand and material mix of stainless steel bracket affected the amount of Ni and Cr ions released. An increase in pH acidity causes the release of nickel ions which is more than the release of ions at normal pH. Uncontrolled release of ions by the bracket can have a negative effect on patient health. Conclusion: The amount of Cr and Ni ions released in stainless steel orthodontics brackets in the saliva is influenced by the bracket raw material and the mixture of saliva solutions caused by oral conditions and the artificial saliva mixture.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the friction and the difference in the roughness of the wire on the standard edgewise bracket. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study with a posttest only control group design. The number of samples in this research was 21. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 7) consisting of 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ stainless steel archwire (SS group), 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ nickel-titanium archwire (NiTi group), and 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ nickel-titanium copper archwire (NiTiCu group). The bracket used in each group is standard edgewise slot 0.018. Friction coefficient test was conducted by creating an examination tool from acrylic to fixate the bracket with a size of 2cm x 5cm. The bracket was then attached using glue (polyvinyl acetate) and the archwire was fixated to the bracket using power O. After the friction test, three samples were taken from each group to be tested morphology and topography of each type using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis used in this research is using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find out the comparison of variables and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) to find out the comparison between three groups (P < 0.05). Results: The lowest friction coefficient was found in SS archwire, which consecutively followed by NiTiCu and NiTi. The smoothest archwire surface observed by SEM was SS, followed by NiTiCu and NiTi. Conclusion: SS wire has the smoothest archwire surface and the lowest frictional force, so it is well used for the teeth movement in space closing on edgewise bracket.