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Access to inclusive sanitation for people with disabilities (PWDs) remains a global challenge, including in Indonesia, where 10–15% of its population is disabled. Inclusive sanitation facilities can be achieved when PWDs are involved in the sanitation-related decision-making process, e.g., designing toilet that meets their needs. This study aims to investigate the situation of the sanitation facility in houses of PWDs and understand knowledge, attitude, and practices related to PWD participation in sanitation programs using a case study in two provinces in Indonesia: Nusa Tenggara Barat and Nusa Tenggara Timur. Quantitative data were taken from 129 PWD households, and qualitative data were from in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders. The latter was presented in a causal loop diagram. Less than 5% had inclusive sanitation at home, mainly due to no supportive tools and bins. The knowledge levels related to sanitation and PWDs participation in sanitation programs were relatively low. Economic condition was one of the barriers for PWDs to participate in the sanitation program. Statistical analysis found that a higher household head education level was associated with a more positive attitude and higher PWD participation in sanitation programs. Although Indonesian law supports PWD participation, the implementation remains a challenge. This study also underlines the need for capacity building in facilitating PWDs’ involvement in sanitation programs and community meetings. Finally, barriers to PWD participation can come from different levels and actors, e.g., the family, the community, the district level, and the PWD itself, indicating the need to involve actors at all levels to enhance PWD participation in the sanitation program that leads to inclusive sanitation facilities for all groups.

Background Rural areas in the Southern hemisphere bear the brunt of inadequate sanitation services and high prevalence of open defecation. Our study in an Indonesian remote village underscores the critical role of psychosocial factors influencing sanitation behavior in such marginalised communities. This study explores contextual and RANAS (Risk, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self-regulation) psychosocial factors determining sanitation behaviour in rural Indonesia. Methods In a cross-sectional survey of 371 rural households, we gathered data on personal characteristics, sanitation behaviours, and RANAS factors and performed regression analysis. Results We found that most respondents do not use the toilet regularly, and no household has safely managed sanitation facilities. Among all contextual factors, households with equal power in determining household expenses between husbands and wives and households with access to hygiene information tend to practice better sanitation behaviours and latrine use. Meanwhile, RANAS factors that primarily affect sanitation behaviour in this study are remembering (part of self-regulation, OR = 0.35), followed by feeling ( attitude, OR = 0.31) and commitment ( self-regulation, OR = 0.18). Conclusions One in every four people interviewed in rural Luwu practices open defecation and no household has access to safely managed sanitation. In reducing open defecation rate in rural areas of Indonesia, the government should strengthen their efforts and concentrate on programmes that address the three identified psychosocial variables, along with improving access. While many studies on the determinants of sanitation behaviours in LMICs analyse contextual factors only, we argue that Indonesian sanitation behavioural interventions should use the RANAS model to identify psychosocial factors.

Environmental issues require immediate attention and commitment from individuals, communities, and institutions. Universities have a crucial role in fostering a pro-environmental mindset among students. The extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) helps understand pro-environmental intentions and actions by considering factors such as attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, trust, and risk perception. This study explores the role of gender in pro-environmental behaviors using the TPB framework. We explored gender differences and variations in the responses. Using a gender lens to discuss our data, this study advances gender-based pro-environmental behavior and comes up with recommendations for targeted interventions based on gender to enhance pro-environmental behaviors among university students.

It is argued that there are interconnected and dynamic factors that influence the sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in developing countries. Five sustainability factors are often mentioned by literature: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social (FIETS) factors. This article aims to understand the interaction of those five sustainability factors in the context of WASH services in Indonesia. A system approach, in the form of a “modified” causal loop diagram, was utilized to analyze this interaction. The strength of influence from one factor to others were obtained from small surveys of 16 WASH practitioners and experts from international and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based in Indonesia and national government institutions related to WASH. It was found that institutional factor is the “leverage” factor, i.e., the most influential and least dependent, in the WASH services system in Indonesia. It means that WASH institutional strengthening is necessary to sustain WASH services in Indonesia. Furthermore, the most important feedback loop is social–WASH services. This depicts the importance of the bi-directional effect of WASH services and the social conditions of the community, i.e., the more supportive the community is, the higher the likelihood of the sustainability of WASH services, and then positively influence back the social conditions of the community. Moreover, the relationship between factors varies across context or location. Finally, this paper shows that the sustainability of WASH services involves complex interactions of the sustainability factors and understanding these interactions is critical to sustaining the WASH services or program in rural Indonesia.

Several groups of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) including Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) can influence ecosystem even at low levels of exposure. The concentration of APIs often belongs to the class of micropollutants, so that toxicity tests should be developed using sensitive test organisms. In this research we developed a potential sensitive Daphnia magna to evaluate the toxicity of APIs-containing wastewater from the total of 7 hospitals and pharmaceutical industries in Greater Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Physico-chemical parameters that were analyzed including pH, BOD 5 , COD, TSS, Total N, and Phenol, according to the Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 5/2014. To determine the LC 50 values, the Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) method was applied. The results showed that the maximum concentration of pH, BOD 5 , COD, TSS, Total N, and Phenol of the pharmaceutical industries WWTP effluents were 7.9, 293 mgL -1 , 418 mgL -1 , 37 mgL -1 , 10.7 mgL -1 , and 0.188 mgL -1 , respectively. These values have fulfilled the effluent standards. However, based on the acute toxicity testing using WET method, it was found that the minimum LC 50 value of those WWTP effluents was 6.51% or equal to the TUa value of 15.35. Based on the TUa toxicity class, this effluent was categorized to be high acute toxic (10 ≤ TUa < 100).

The Indonesian Government has established targets for law enforcement concerning pollution loading and environmental damage, as regulated by the Regulation of the Minister of Environment (MoE) of the Republic of Indonesia 7/2014. Several cases of non-compliance with environmental laws have been processed in the Citarum River basin, resulting in varying fines being imposed. This research examines how much fines imposed on non-compliant companies align with the provisions outlined in the MoE Regulation 7/2014. Additionally, the study compares the fines with the capital required for establishing proper wastewater treatment plants and implementing comprehensive hazardous waste management. Based on data obtained from court evidence and decisions, this paper employs descriptive analysis to understand the current sanctioning and calculation of fines in multiple cases of environmental law non-compliance in the Citarum River, focusing on the textile industry. The findings from two civil cases of non-compliance reveal that the determination of sanctions does not consider the costs associated with environmental restoration and ecosystem loss. In those civil lawsuits, 99% of fines imposed only consist of losses caused by exceeding the environmental quality standard. In criminal cases, fines applied only cover approximately 8.37% of the total hypothetical WWTP operational cost and sludge handling (for wastewater discharge debit 100 m 3 per day) and 0.84% of the total hypothetical WWTP operating cost and sludge handling (for wastewater discharge debit 1000 m 3 per day). Based on the findings, we argue that the fines in civil and criminal cases for textile industries in the Citarum River Basin are still insufficient.

Although small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have played an important role in Indonesia’s economic growth, they bring various environmental problems. SMEs in the manufacturing sector, also known as small and medium industries (SMIs) are the majority of business entities in Indonesia and are one of the most significant polluters. This study focused on several SMIs located within two villages (i.e. Padamukti and Cibodas) alongside the Citarik River, which is one of the Citarum River tributaries. The study aimed to identify the concept of circular economy application by SMIs in West Java Province consisting of an understanding of (1) the circular economy concept and (2) internal and external factors of the circular economy application. In this study, we applied the snowball technique, closed questionaries, strengths-weakness-opportunities-threats (SWOT), and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM). There were 10 selected respondents, including 4 respondents who were waste generators, while 6 respondents were classified as waste beneficiaries. The study found that 100% of the involved respondents had never heard or understood the concept of the circular economy even though they had partially applied the 5R principles. By using SWOT, driving and barrier factors were identified. The reprocessed waste became a strength factor, while the lack of knowledge and expertise in waste management were two major weaknesses. Meanwhile, there was attention and encouragement from the government for SMIs that implement environmentally friendly businesses as an opportunity factor, and insufficient market availability or consumers are part of the external analysis. Sequentially, using QSPM we suggest that socialization of the circular economy concept needs to be carried out in the wider community as the priority strategy and policy recommendations, followed by policymaking and guidelines for effective circular economy implementation.

This study aims to determine the relationship between environmental health risk (EHR) consisting of external area, building design and facilities, refilled station operators, equipment, and raw water, and the concentration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in drinking water produced by the refilled drinking water station (RDWS). This cross-sectional study was conducted in 106 RDWS in Palembang City, Indonesia. The EHR checklist used a sanitation inspection and the concentration of E. coli obtained from water sample examinations using the membrane filter method. The average concentrations of E. coli (SD) in raw water and treated drinking water that is ready to distribute to the consumer, were 82 CFU/100 mL (121 CFU/100 mL) and 18 CFU/100 mL (45 CFU/100 mL), respectively. There was a significant difference in the average E. coli concentration between the raw water used and the treated drinking water (Z = −6.260; p < 0.001). There was a weak relationship between the outdoor area variable (r = −0.265) and equipment (r = −0.336) with the concentration of E. coli in the produced drinking water. Enforcement of regulations related to monitoring and reporting of drinking water quality needs to be carried out consistently to maintain the safety of refilled drinking water.

Inadequate sanitation has catastrophic consequences for public health, standard of living, and productivity, as well as gender equality and social inclusion. Urban sanitation programmes yield suboptimal outcomes regarding long-term impact, effectiveness, sustainability, and fairness. To ensure that all urban dwellers in Low- to Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) have access to sanitation facilities that are properly maintained and safe, it is crucial to bring about a fundamental change in the urban sanitation sector through the implementation of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS). This research analyses the sanitation regulatory framework and stakeholders' perspectives in Bandung City, Indonesia. The goal is to determine the possible obstacles and advantages of implementing a comprehensive CWIS (Citywide Inclusive Sanitation) system in Indonesia. The CWIS idea has been recognised at the national level in Indonesia. While existing legislation and policies partially govern and deal with CWIS components, there is no official programme establishment yet and limited implementation at the local level. Some challenges that have been identified include conflicting priorities in serving marginalised populations, a lack of political commitment and capacity to provide comprehensive services for all types of domestic wastewater (including grey water) and throughout the entire sanitation service chain (from containment to treatment and/or reuse and recovery), inadequate knowledge management and data transparency, a lack of incentives and penalties for local governments to meet sanitation standards, and limited motivation for meaningful and institutionalised private sector involvement. This study also delineates four crucial domains for efficiently fostering the deployment of CWIS in Indonesia.

Rapid tourism growth can place unprecedented strain on water resources and reduce access for local communities. This study explored the state of Inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the tourism sector and local communities of Labuan Bajo, one of Indonesia's ‘super-premium’ tourism destinations. The formative research applied an Inclusive WASH-at-Work framework; data were collected using a case study methodology through semi-structured interviews (n = 20) and focus groups (n = 6) with government, tourism and community stakeholders. The findings identified growing tensions over inequitable water service levels and WASH access. Significantly, reported negative impacts were disproportionately experienced by women and girls, elderly and disabled members of the community, who suffer most from inadequate WASH facilities in hotels, public settings and their homes. Governance of and capacity constraints around WASH management highlighted the value of Inclusive WASH solutions to overcome the challenges Labuan Bajo faces as a rapidly developing tourism destination. Critically, solutions must be locally-driven, build local capacity and open pathways to collaboration between the community and decision-makers in the national government, provincial government and private tourism sector. Enhanced stakeholder collaboration and increased private sector contributions are needed to ensure a more equitable distribution of tourism benefits to underpin WASH and destination sustainability.