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"National Academy of Sports Medicine"
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NASM essentials of sports performance training
\"New Content Based upon feedback from past students and Sports Performance Professionals, this new textbook includes several new updates in comparison to the previous performance enhancement materials: 1. Streamlined OPTTM Model--The OPTTM model has been simplified to include six of the most commonly used phases of training for sports performance goals, versus the previous seven-phase model. The one phase of training that is no longer included in this performance version of the model, Corrective Exercise Training, is a specialized form of training that would be used for athletes who've come off an injury and prepares the athlete to enter into the OPTTM model. This form of training is covered exclusively in NASM's Corrective Exercise Specialist course. 2. Revised Model Nomenclature--We've also renamed the phases so it is easier to understand the exact function and desired adaptation for that phase of training. 3. Additional Chapters--This textbook includes several new chapters not included in the previous performance enhancement materials. These additional chapter topics will assist in creating a more well-rounded Sports Performance Professional and thus in creating more value in you as a professional. These additional chapters include: ? Cardiorespiratory Training for Performance Enhancement ? Olympic Lifting for Performance Enhancement ? Current Concepts in Injury Prevention and Reconditioning ? Ergogenic Aids ? Sports Psychology\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Impact of Exercise Heat Acclimation on Performance in Hot, Cool and Hypoxic Conditions
Purpose
The aim of this study was to confirm the impact of heat acclimation on aerobic performance in hot conditions and elucidate the transfer of heat adaptations to cool and hypoxic environments.
Methods
Ten males (VO
2peak
: 4.50 ± 0.50 L/min) completed two three-week interventions consisting of heat acclimation (HA: 36°C and 59% RH) and temperate training (TEMP: 18°C and 60% RH) in a counter-balanced crossover design. Training weeks consisted of four work-matched controlled heart rate sessions interspersed with one intermittent sprint session, and two rest days. Before and after the interventions VO
2peak
and 20-min time trial performance were evaluated in COOL (18°C), HOT (35°C) and hypoxic (HYP: 18°C and FiO
2
: 15.4%) conditions.
Results
Following HA, VO
2peak
increased significantly in HOT (0.24 L/min [0.01, 0.47],
P
= 0.040) but not COOL (
P
= 0.431) or HYP (
P
= 0.411), whereas TEMP had no influence on VO
2peak
(
P
≥ 0.424). Mean time trial power output increased significantly in HOT (20 W [11, 28],
P
< 0.001) and COOL (12 W [4, 21],
P
= 0.004), but not HYP (7 W [−1, 16],
P
= 0.075) after HA, whereas TEMP had no influence on mean power output (
P
≥ 0.110). Rectal (−0.13°C [−0.23, −0.03],
P
= 0.009) and skin (−0.7°C [−1.2, −0.3],
P
< 0.001) temperature were lower during the time trial in HOT after HA, whereas mean heart rate did not differ (
P
= 0.339).
Conclusions
HA improved aerobic performance in HOT in conjunction with lower thermal strain and enhanced cardiovascular stability (similar heart rate for higher workload), whereas the mechanistic pathways improving performance in COOL and HYP remain unclear.
Journal Article
Patterning by heritage in mouse molar row development
It is known from paleontology studies that two premolars have been lost during mouse evolution. During mouse mandible development, two bud-like structures transiently form that may represent rudimentary precursors of the lost premolars. However, the interpretation of these structures and their significance for mouse molar development are highly controversial because of a lack of molecular data. Here, we searched for typical tooth signaling centers in these two bud-like structures, and followed their fate using molecular markers, 3D reconstructions, and lineage tracing in vitro. Transient signaling centers were indeed found to be located at the tips of both the anterior and posterior rudimentary buds. These centers expressed a similar set of molecular markers as the “primary enamel knot” (pEK), the signaling center of the first molar (M1). These two transient signaling centers were sequentially patterned before and anterior to the M1 pEK. We also determined the dynamics of the M1 pEK, which, slightly later during development, spread up to the field formerly occupied by the posterior transient signaling center. It can be concluded that two rudimentary tooth buds initiate the sequential development of the mouse molars and these have previously been mistaken for early stages of M1 development. Although neither rudiment progresses to form an adult tooth, the posterior one merges with the adjacent M1, which may explain the anterior enlargement of the M1 during mouse family evolution. This study highlights how rudiments of lost structures can stay integrated and participate in morphogenesis of functional organs and help in understanding their evolution, as Darwin suspected long ago.
Journal Article