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"Naushad, Mu"
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Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials
Increased request for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles nanoparticles has led to their large-scale production using high-energy methods with various toxic solvents. This cause environmental contamination, thus eco-friendly “green” synthesis methods has become necessary. An alternative way to synthesize metal nanoparticles includes using bioresources, such as plants and plant products, bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, etc. “Green” synthesis has low toxicity, is safe for human health and environment compared to other methods, meaning it is the best approach for obtaining metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review reveals 12 principles of “green” chemistry and examples of biological components suitable for “green” synthesis, as well as modern scientific research of eco-friendly synthesis methods of magnetic and metal nanoparticles. Particularly, using extracts of green tea, fruits, roots, leaves, etc., to obtain Fe3O4 NPs. The various precursors as egg white (albumen), leaf and fruit extracts, etc., can be used for the „green” synthesis of spinel magnetic NPs. “Green” nanoparticles are being widely used as antimicrobials, photocatalysts and adsorbents. “Green” magnetic nanoparticles demonstrate low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which allows for their biomedical application, especially for targeted drug delivery, contrast imaging and magnetic hyperthermia applications. The synthesis of silver, gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles using extracts from fungi, red algae, fruits, etc., has been described.
Journal Article
Activated Carbon as Superadsorbent and Sustainable Material for Diverse Applications
Activated carbon is a carbonaceous material with highly porous structure. Different functionalities can be introduced to its surface by various physical and chemical treatments. Various precursors can be used for the synthesis of activated carbon such as fossil fuels, agricultural wastes, and lignocellulosic wastes, etc. Number of papers have been reported in literature devoted to the synthesis, characterization, and various applications of activated carbon. Herein, in this review, special attention has been paid to the basic properties of activated carbon and its surface chemistry originated due to physical and chemical treatment. In addition, a general introduction to adsorption process, various adsorption isotherms, and adsorption kinetics is also included. A brief description of mechanism of adsorption onto activated carbon is also presented. At last, most probable applications of activated carbon such as adsorption of pollutants (e.g., dyes, heavy metal ions, pesticides, pharmaceutical waste products, and volatile organic organic), as catalyst support, anduse in food and pharmaceutical industries is also presented.
Journal Article
Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms, methods and enhancements
Polluted soil and water impact the quality of food and nutrients of human and animal biota. Soil and water are mainly polluted by effluent discharges from industries, which are broadly classified into metallic and nonmetallic pollutant-bearing effluents. In order to tackle this problem, a plant-based technology called phytoremediation is used to clean contaminated lands. Phytoremediation is based upon several processes such as phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytoaccumulation and phytoextraction. These methods are efficient, eco-friendly and economic. This paper reviews the methods and mechanisms involved in phytoremediation of heavy metals, and enhancement processes.
Journal Article
Waste foundry sand/MgFe-layered double hydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution
We aimed to obtain magnesium/iron (Mg/Fe)-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanoparticles-immobilized on waste foundry sand-a byproduct of the metal casting industry. XRD and FT-IR tests were applied to characterize the prepared sorbent. The results revealed that a new peak reflected LDHs nanoparticles. In addition, SEM-EDS mapping confirmed that the coating process was appropriate. Sorption tests for the interaction of this sorbent with an aqueous solution contaminated with Congo red dye revealed the efficacy of this material where the maximum adsorption capacity reached approximately 9127.08 mg/g. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models helped to describe the sorption measurements, indicating that the physical and chemical forces governed the removal process.
Journal Article
Applications of nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical engineering and environmental protection
Nanocomposite hydrogels are polymeric networks that possess a unique property of hydration. The presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and amides as hydrophilic moieties in structure of nanocomposite hydrogels enhances their stiffness and water-absorbing capacity. Addition of cross-linker in the synthesis of hydrogels increases their stability under extreme conditions of temperature, pH and pressure. Natural polymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels are biodegradable, highly hydrophilic and possess good mechanical strength. Gelatin, chitin, cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, starch and alginate are natural polymers commonly used to fabricate nanocomposite hydrogels. Nanocomposite hydrogels have special characteristics such as high swelling rate, selectivity and stimuli-sensitive nature. Here we review nanocomposite hydrogels for environmental protection and biomedical engineering. Applications in biomedical engineering include drug delivery agents, wound dressing, tissue engineering and antibacterials. Applications in environmental protection include ion exchangers, adsorption, photocatalysis and soil conditioning. Many nanocomposite hydrogels show excellent adsorption selectivity for heavy metal ions: Cu2+ up to 30.35 mg/g, Pb2+ up to 35.94 mg/g, and Zn2+ and Fe3+ up to 94.34 mg/g. Xanthan gum-based nanocomposite hydrogel has removed 96% dye from industrial effluent as reported. In addition, most of the nanocomposite hydrogels showed better adsorption capacity for pollutants in the pH range from 5 to 7. The nanocomposite hydrogels could also be regenerated and successfully utilized for several times. Nanocomposite hydrogels are therefore good bio-absorbent materials for environmental detoxification.
Journal Article
Biogenic nanoparticles-the future of eco-friendly wastewater treatment: a review
Biogenic nanoparticles produced using plant and microbial sources have emerged as low cost and environmentally benign alternatives for wastewater treatment applications. This review examines the underlying mechanisms of plant and microbe mediated nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting how naturally occurring biomolecules act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents to regulate nanoparticle surface characteristics. The discussion outlines key practical advantageous, including lower energy inputs, avoidance of hazardous reducing agents, use of renewable biological resources, and the potential for in situ or decentralized production, while also noting constraints like variability in plant extracts or microbial cultures. Applications in the removal of organic dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals are discussed with emphasis on performance indicators such as adsorption capacity, degradation efficiency, selectivity, and nanoparticle recovery and reuse. Alongside future opportunities for advancing green nanotechnologies through improved standardization, process control, integration with existing treatment systems, and comprehensive lifecycle under techno-economic evaluations. A comparative assessment indicates that plant-based synthesis is typically rapid, scalable, and suitable for high throughput production due to its procedural simplicity and abundance of phytochemicals. In contrast microbial synthesis generally allows finer control over nanoparticles size, shape and crystallinity. Unlike existing reviews that largely describe individual synthesis approaches or application specific studies, this review offers a critical, integrative comparison of biogenic nanoparticle synthesis routes, highlighting key performance and practical limitations across systems. The analysis indicates that no single biogenic route is universally optimal; rather, application driven selection is required, balancing efficiency, scalability and environmental capability. These insights clarify current progress while identifying priority directions for advancing biogenic nanomaterials towards real-world wastewater treatment applications.
Journal Article
ZnO-based heterostructures as photocatalysts for hydrogen generation and depollution: a review
Energy shortage and escalating pollution are major challenges globally. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the most cost-effective methods for producing renewable energy and removing pollutants. In particular, ZnO nanostructures are promising photocatalysts that are economic, stable, and biologically safe. ZnO-based nanoheterostructures have been used for heavy metal reduction, organic pollutants degradation, photocatalytic hydrogen production, and drug mineralization. Here, we review ZnO-based nanoheterojunctions as photocatalysts for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation. Hydrogen production has reached 1200 mol g
−1
h
−1
using Ce-doped ZnO/ZnS heterojunction, with a 8.5-fold higher efficiency than bare ZnO. Nearly complete removal of a dye pollutant was achieved in 15 min using hybrid ethyl cellulose-modified g-C
3
N
4
/ZnO. Moreover, ZnO/Ag
2
WO
4
/Fe
3
O
4
showed a 152% and 143% higher antibiotic degradation rate than bare Ag
2
WO
4
and ZnO, respectively. We present methods to modify ZnO, including coupling with other semiconductors, metal/non-metal doping, and carbon-based materials coupling; and methods for charge divergence in binary and ternary ZnO-based nanocomposites.
Journal Article
The structural and magnetic properties of dual phase cobalt ferrite
The bismuth (Bi
3+
)-doped cobalt ferrite nanostructures with dual phase, i.e. cubic spinel with space group Fd3m and perovskite with space group R3c, have been successfully engineered
via
self-ignited sol-gel combustion route. To obtain information about the phase analysis and structural parameters, like lattice constant, Rietveld refinement process is applied. The replacement of divalent Co
2+
by trivalent Bi
3+
cations have been confirmed from energy dispersive analysis of the ferrite samples. The micro-structural evolution of cobalt ferrite powders at room temperature under various Bi
3+
doping levels have been identified from the digital photoimages recorded using scanning electron microscopy. The hyperfine interactions, like isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and magnetic hyperfine fields, and cation distribution are confirmed from the Mossbauer spectra. Saturation magnetization is increased with Bi
3+
-addition up to x = 0.15 and then is decreased when x = 0.2. The coercivity is increased from 1457 to 2277 G with increasing Bi
3+
-doping level. The saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanent ratio for x = 0.15 sample is found to be the highest, indicating the potential of Bi
3+
-doping in enhancing the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite.
Journal Article
Pollutants inducing epigenetic changes and diseases
Pollution is a major issue impacting the health of life and ecosystems. In particular, some pollutants may alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (miRNA) expression. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes without alteration in the DNA sequence. In the healthy state, the coordinated actions of interconnected epigenetic factors are responsible for proper cell development and cell regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms are tissue-specific; hence, a pollutant may or may not cause an alteration depending on the type of tissue. Here we review mechanisms by which pollutants disrupt epigenetic factors. We focus on the impact of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, benzene, bisphenol A, dioxin, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and diethylstilbestrol. A list of diseases related to epigenetic factors and heavy metals exposure is provided.
Journal Article