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Using data collected in 2017–18 for the baseline wave of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, this paper analyzes labor force participation among older adults (people aged 60 years and older) and their job characteristics, income, and associated social security benefits. Analysis of a cohort of 31,464 older adults shows that although labor force participation declines with age, 36% of older adults in India are working; of these, two-thirds are employed primarily in agriculture and allied services, only 5% have a full-time job, and just 6% are covered by a work-related pension scheme. Older adults who have less education, live alone, do not have a chronic disease, and lack health insurance or pension coverage are more likely to work beyond age 60. The dominant predictor of labor force participation is health status, especially in rural India. Older adults are almost equally likely to work across wealth categories in urban India, rejecting the hypothesis that only the poor work beyond age 60 in India. Vulnerable (i.e., rural, living alone, divorced/separated) females work more than their male counterparts. Older adults continue to work depending on their physical capacity, which is highly age-dependent, across economic categories. Our results provide evidence for the pursuit of an older adult policy in India that focuses on healthy ageing particularly in the context of poor social security coverage and the unorganized nature of work, as healthy populations continue to engage in economic activity.

The present investigation incorporates a detailed study of unsteady MHD flow and heat transfer of a second grade fluid between two infinitely long porous plates. With the aid of implicit finite difference scheme the pertinent partial differential equations are transformed and framed as system of algebraic equations. The resulting equations are solved numerically by the help of damped-Newton method, thereafter coded using MATLAB. The impact of variations in dimensionless parameters such as m2 , α , Re for constant acceleration (n=1) and variable acceleration (n=0.5) on velocity and temperature is illustrated. It is noted that the magnetic parameter and Reynolds number have significantly opposite effect on the temperature and velocity profiles for both the instances. Increasing values of Ec and m2 plays a key role in enhancing the temperature at any point of the fluid whereas higher values of Re and α has a pronounced effect on the velocity profile of the fluid.

Background Large scale public investment in Public Distribution System (PDS) have aimed to reduce poverty and malnutrition in India. The PDS is the largest ever welfare programme which provides subsidised food grain to the poor households. This study attempt to examine the extent of stunting and underweight among the children from poor and non-poor households by use of public distribution system (PDS) in India. Methods Data from the National Family and Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), was used for the analysis. A composite variable based on asset deprivation and possession of welfare card provided under PDS (BPL card), was computed for all households and categorised into four mutually exclusive groups, namely real poor, excluded poor, privileged non-poor and non-poor. Real poor are those economically poor and have a welfare card, excluded poor are those economically poor and do not have welfare card, privileged poor are those economically non-poor but have welfare card, and non-poor are those who are not economically poor and do not have welfare card. Estimates of stunting and underweight were provided by these four categories. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for the analysis. Results About half of the children from each real poor and excluded poor, two-fifths among privileged non-poor and less than one-third among non-poor households were stunted in India. Controlling for socio-economic and demographic covariates, the adjusted odds ratio of being stunted among real poor was 1.42 [95% CI: 1.38, 1.46], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.39, 1.47], among excluded poor and 1.15 [95% CI: 1.12, 1.18], among privileged non-poor. The pattern was similar for underweight and held true in most of the states of India. Conclusions Undernutrition among children from poor households those excluded from PDS is highest, and it warrants inclusion in PDS. Improving the quality of food grains and widening food basket in PDS is recommended for reduction in level of malnutrition in India.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene family plays a critical role in plant growth and developmental processes, nutrition, and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants. In the present research, a comprehensive set of 105 OsCYP71 family genes was pinpointed within the genome of indica rice. These genes were categorized into twelve distinct subfamilies, where members within the same subgroup exhibited comparable gene structures and conserved motifs. In addition, 105 OsCYP71 genes were distributed across 11 chromosomes, and 36 pairs of OsCYP71 involved in gene duplication events. Within the promoter region of OsCYP71, there exists an extensive array of cis-elements that are associated with light responsiveness, hormonal regulation, and stress-related signaling. Further, transcriptome profiling revealed that a majority of the genes exhibited responsiveness to hormones and were activated across diverse tissues and developmental stages in rice. The OsCYP71P6 gene is involved in insect resistance, senescence, and yield-related traits in rice. Hence, understanding the association between OsCYP71P6 genetic variants and yield-related traits in rice varieties could provide novel insights for rice improvement. Through the utilization of linear regression models, a total of eight promoters were identified, and a specific gene variant (Ser33Leu) within OsCYP71P6 was found to be linked to spikelet fertility. Additionally, different alleles of the OsCYP71P6 gene identified through in/dels polymorphism in 131 rice varieties were validated for their allelic effects on yield-related traits. Furthermore, the single-plant yield, spikelet number, panicle length, panicle weight, and unfilled grain per panicle for the OsCYP71P6-1 promoter insertion variant were found to contribute 20.19%, 13.65%, 5.637%, 8.79%, and 36.86% more than the deletion variant, respectively. These findings establish a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the functions of OsCYP71-family genes across a range of biological processes. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that allelic variation in the promoter and amino acid substitution of Ser33Leu in the OsCYP71P6 gene could potentially impact traits related to rice yield. Therefore, the identified promoter variants in the OsCYP71P6 gene could be harnessed to amplify rice yields.

Amino acid transporters (AATs) play a crucial role in facilitating the movement of amino acids across cellular membranes, which is vital for the growth and development of plants. Amino acid permease (AAP), which belongs to the AAT family, has been the subject of extensive functional research in plants. Although its importance is recognized, a comprehensive grasp of this family’s dynamics in indica rice remains lacking. In this investigation, a total of 27 AAP genes were identified in the genome of indica rice. Further, the phylogenetic analysis unveiled that the 69 AAP genes from both the model species and other plant species could be classified into 16 distinct subfamilies. The analysis of chromosomal mapping revealed an uneven distribution of the 27 OsAAP genes across the 12 rice chromosomes. Notably, the OsAAP family displayed a total of 10 duplicated gene pairs, along with the identification of numerous conserved motifs. The examination of cis-elements within OsAAP genes unveiled that their promoters contain cis-elements related to phytohormones, plant growth and development, as well as stress responses. Additionally, transcriptome profiling demonstrated that a substantial portion of these genes exhibited responsiveness to various hormones, with their activation spanning multiple tissues and developmental stages in rice. The study identified miRNAs with a specific affinity for OsAAP genes. Out of the 27 OsAAP genes investigated, seventeen were discovered to be targeted by a total of forty-three miRNAs. Furthermore, the aus allele of OsAAP3 that we named OsAAP17 was validated for its effect on productive tillers and yield, and seventeen genetic variants of OsAAP17 were found to be associated with a culm number in indica rice. In addition, indica rice varieties were monomorphic, while aus genotypes displayed polymorphism for OsAAP17 gene-specific in/dels. Moreover, in Season II (rabi season), it was found that the aus allele of OsAAP17 increased the number of productive tillers and the single plant yield by 22.55% and 9.67%, respectively, in a recombinant inbred population created by crossing N22 and JR 201. Remarkably, this enhancement was more pronounced during the dry cultivation season, highlighting the influence of environmental factors in the regulation of tiller numbers mediated by OsAAP17. The discoveries presented here lay a strong foundation for further exploration into the roles of OsAAP family genes across a range of developmental processes. Therefore, the identified allelic variations in the utilization of OsAAP17 has the potential to enhance rice crop production via molecular breeding in the changing climate scenario.

The principal aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive account of a viscous, unsteady, electrically conducting, incompressible, unidirectional second-grade fluid with free convection through an unbounded vertical plate subjected to exponential acceleration with simultaneous application of electric as well as magnetic field. Both equation of energy and equation of motion as coupled p.d.e. are expressed as a system of algebraic equations with the aid of implicit finite difference approach. Subsequently, the damped Newton method is implemented to obtain numerical results. We have considered two cases: one is constant acceleration ( n = 1 ) , and the other is variable acceleration ( n = 0.5 ) . For the sake of engineering interest, the calculation of skin friction and Nusselt numbers for both cases has been evaluated. The obtained solution is ultimately simulated in MATLAB followed by graphical depiction of impact of various non-dimensional parameters on momentum and energy profile of the fluid. Under some limited cases, comparing the obtained results with already published studies shows excellent agreement. It is observed that when the plate is exposed to cooling and the Re values are elevated, there is an evident decrease in the boundary layer thickness for both the fluid profiles due to facilitation in suction propagation resulting in enhancement of heat transfer, whereas reduction in flow velocity occurs due to increased fluid viscosity. When the physical flow model is subjected to applied outer electric field, resistive forces are produced in the considered fluid due to the fact that the electric double layer acquires multiple charges which causes deceleration of the fluid motion.

In ongoing investigation the unsteady magnetohydrodynamics flow and heat transfer with viscous dissipation of a third grade fluid passed between two long parallel flat porous plates is discussed. With the physical assumptions a coupled system of non-linear partial differential equation is procured as governing MHD flow and heat transfer problem, which is then transformed to a system of non-linear algebraic equations by descretising using fully implicit finite difference scheme and solved numerically by damped-Newton method. Finally the problem is coded using MATLAB programming. The numerical results which characterize the imposing physical parameters are described through various graphs. The foremost finding of the present study is that out two elastic parameters the visco-elastic parametera has a dominant role over the non-Newtonian parameter y and has a control over reducing thevelocity flow of third grade fluid. Again more viscous dissipation energy is generated when the parameter values of E increases, as a result temperature profile increases.

This work probes the structural, optical and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of BaMnO 3 and Ba 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3 multiferroic ceramics prepared by conventional solid state reaction technique. XRD analysis indicates rhombohedral perovskite structure of BaMnO 3 . When 10 wt.% Sr is added in the BaMnO 3 matrix against Ba, the rhombohedral structure transforms into hexagonal perovskite structure. The average crystallite size of BaMnO 3 and Ba 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3 were found to be ~ 92 nm and ~ 63 nm, respectively. The lattice parameter and the unit cell volume also decrease with the addition of Sr in pure BaMnO 3 . Through EDX analysis, the presence of all the constituents in the final samples are verified. The optical band gap of BaMnO 3 decreases from 2.33 eV to 1.75 eV, primarily attributed to SrMnO 3 phase and grain boundary effects. A much higher value of dielectric constant i.e. ~ 19,800 at 200 °C with respect to 10 Hz frequency has been achieved with 10 wt.% strontium doping in BaMnO 3 , which may boost the efficiency of electronic devices made up of dielectric materials. The impedance analysis confirms the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behaviour of the sample and semicircular arc Nyquist plot supports the semiconducting nature with non-Debye type of relaxation mechanism in both the samples.

Formulated and evaluated the Herbal soap by selected ingredients includes two for fragrance and three for skin care. The Herbal soap was formulated by using Naturally Obtained herbs and the extraction of oils was performed without using any chemicals The pH which found for F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 are between 7-9 Which is good pH for skin acceptance Foam height which found for F, F2, F3, F4, F5 are between 3-5 cm. Which shows less foam height compared to standard. Foam retention for F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 are between 3-5 min Shows the good retention. Skin- irritation test proven as No irritation by comparing standard Marketed herbal soap. Total Fatty Matter was found as between 6-10 which indicates good percentage (%). And other evaluations are tested as positive response by comparing with standard marketed Herbal soap