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Understanding the air-core development during the draining of liquid from a cylindrical tank is of particular interest because this phenomenon has multiple engineering applications. In this study, experiments are performed for draining water of different temperatures from a cylindrical tank. Results show that the air-core generation and disappearance during draining depend on the temperature of the water in the tank, in which the total draining time increases with the water temperature. A correlation is proposed to predict the water height with time during draining. A numerical study is then performed for some of the temperature cases. Numerical and correlation results show a good agreement with the experimental data. Findings show that viscosity plays an important role behind the mechanism of air-core generation and disappearance phenomena.

Generated rotor (gerotor) pumps have commercial applications in oil supply pumps and compressors. Unfortunately, they produce an excessive amount of noise while in operation. The present study focuses on reducing the noise, which is caused due to pressure oscillations in the fluid, and vibration levels when a gerotor pump is in operation. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed on the gerotor pump using the dynamic mesh method. The flow field was simulated using the commercial software Ansys Fluent. The mesh motion was provided in the form of a user-defined function. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed for different combinations of delivery pipe length and diameter, and their effects on delivery pressure were analyzed. It is observed from numerical results that the pressure oscillations are reduced around 20 % by increasing volume of port or pipe region, which in turn reduces the noise levels. It is concluded that the pressure oscillations during the fluid flow are highly dependent on the volume of the delivery pipe.

Draining of liquids through cylindrical tanks is a very common phenomenon and has many applications. Understanding the aircore formation and its growth during draining has attracted appreciable interest in the literature. In this study, water draining through cylindrical tanks was studied using experimental and numerical techniques. Eight different initial heights of water in the tank between 310 and 450 mm with a 20-mm increment were tested in each experiment. The numerical study shows good agreement with the experimental data and promotes understanding of the generation and disappearance of an aircore during draining. For the different initial water heights, the experiments were performed with and without initial rotation of the tank. It is found that in the experiments without initial tank rotation, the drain time of water increases with increasing initial height. On the other hand, the drain time remains almost the same for all initial heights tested with initial tank rotation. The small variation in the drain time even when the initial water level is reduced is explained by the aircore duration during draining. Also, the mechanism of generation and disappearance of aircore is proposed with the help of numerical results.

An understanding of the mechanism of aircore phenomenon during draining is very important. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted for different pressurized and suction pressure water tanks, as well as for different drain port diameters, to explain and validate the proposed aircore mechanism. It was found that increasing the pressure at the top surface of the tank results in suppression of the aircore, whereas an increase in the suction pressure at the drain port outlet enhances the development of the aircore. For different drain port diameters, it was observed that the duration of the aircore during draining decreases with a decrease in the drain port diameter, and that the aircore is suppressed for a very small drain port diameter.

In the current economic situation, the major concern of the manufacturing companies is to produce components of high quality with low cost. Direct laser deposition (DLD) is a blown-powder laser deposition process and an emerging technology which is commonly used in the manufacturing industries to join different components of metals. In order to reduce the cost of the DLD process, it is important to optimize the deposition efficiency which is the main objective of current study. Experimental tests were performed to investigate the effect of different powder mass flow rate, laser power intensities, and laser scanning speed on powder deposition efficiency. A newly designed coaxial powder nozzle was used to deliver fine size of powder to a targeted small focal point, and desired flow rate of the metallic powder was achieved by vibrating the powder delivery nozzle at sonic frequencies. From the experimental results, it was observed that the powder mass flow rate which can be affected by vibration frequency has a significant effect on deposition efficiency. With the increase of laser power intensities, deposition efficiency and deposition quality increased while powder flow rate have a negative effect on the material deposition efficiency. By selecting the appropriate parameters, up to 90 % of maximum deposition efficiency was achieved which is a significant improvement as compared with deposition efficiency obtained by conventional gas feed system used by other researchers.

The combination of signal processing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the robotics and automation industry by the deployment of intelligent systems and reducing human intervention. Reading human brain signal through electroencephalography (EEG) has provided a new direction of research that automate machines through the human brain and computer interface or Brain–Computer Interface (BCI). The study is also inspired by the same concept of intelligently controlling a robotic arm using BCI and AI to help physically disabled individuals. The proposed system is non-invasive, unlike existing technologies that provide a reliable comparison of different AI-based classification algorithms. This paper also predicts a reliable bandwidth for the BCI process and provides exact placements of EEG electrodes to verify different arm moments. We have applied different classification algorithms, i.e., Random Forest, KNN, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, SVM, and Decision Tree, to four different users. The accuracy of all prescribed classifiers has been calculated by considering the first user as a reference. The presented results validate the novel deployment, and the comparison shows that the accuracy for Random Forest remained optimal at around 76%, Gradient Boosting is around 74%, while the lowest is 64% for Decision Tree. It has been observed that people have different activation bandwidths while the dominant frequency varies from person-to-person that causes fluctuations in the EEG dataset.

Sideroblastic anaemia includes a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by decreased heme synthesis and mitochondrial iron overload. It is diagnosed by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow aspirate and association of this form of anemia with various mitochondrial dysfunction disorders can be a catch point to reach an ultimate diagnosis in these disorders as reported in this case of myoencephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome.

The RCSD1 gene has recently been identified as a novel gene fusion partner of the ABL1 gene in cases of B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL). The RCSD1 gene is located at 1q23 and ABL1 is located at 9q34, so that the RCSD1-ABL1 fusion typically arises through a rare reciprocal translocation t(1;9)(q23;q34). Only a small number of RCSD1-ABL1 positive cases of B-ALL have been described in the literature, and the full spectrum of clinical, morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular features associated with this genetic abnormality has not been defined. We describe extensive genetic characterization of a case of B-ALL with RCSD1-ABL1 fusion, by using conventional cytogenetic analysis, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) studies, and Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA). The use of CMA resulted in detection of an approximately 70 kb deletion at 7p12.2, which caused a disruption of the IKZF1 gene. Deletions and mutations of IKZF1 are recurring abnormalities in B-ALL and are associated with a poor prognosis. Our findings highlight the association of the deletion of IKZF1 gene with the t(1;9)(q24;q34) and illustrate the importance of comprehensive cytogenetic and molecular evaluation for accurate prediction of prognosis in patients with B-cell ALL.

Objective: To determine the histological outcome of pancytopenia cases on bone marrow trephine biopsy and to see the frequency of various causes of pancytopenia in our population. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Pathology department, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Kharian (Pakistan). One year (Jan 2015–Dec 2015). Material and Methods: Two hundred bone marrow trephine biopsies were done in one year (2015), out of which 40 were done for evaluation of pancytopenia. The criteria for diagnosis of pancytopenia were; haemoglobin less than 10 g/dl, total leukocyte count (TLC) less than 4.0 x 109/l and platelet count less than 100,000 x 109/l. Patients with pancytopenia secondary to drugs, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were excluded from the study. Trephine biopsies showing marked crushing and having inadequate material were also excluded from the study. Biopsies were processed, slides made and examined under light microscope by haematologist and histopathologist. Frequencies of various causes of pancytopenia diagnosed on histopathology were calculated. The findings were analyzed by using SPSS version 10.0. Result: Out of 40 cases of pancytopenia, male to female ratio was 3:2. The age range was between 1 year to 75 years. Histopathological analysis of bone marrow trephine biopsies revealed megaloblastic anaemia as the most common cause of pancytopenia (30%), followed by aplastic anaemia (25%) and hypersplenism (15%). Conclusion: Megaloblastic anaemia is the most common cause of pancytopenia in our population as compared to aplastic anaemia mentioned in most of the international studies. This indicates prevalence of nutritional deficiency in our population and megaloblastic anaemia must be kept at top of list while evaluating pancytopenia cases. Early diagnosis and treatment of megaloblastic anaemia will prevent any further complication of this disease.  

Objective: To find out the pattern of gastric mucosal histopathological findings in gastric biopsies of patients with non ulcer dyspepsia. Study Design: Prospective descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology department Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Kharian Pakistan from Jan to Dec 2015. Material and Methods: One hundred patients presenting at outpatient gastroenterology department with dyspepsia having no endoscopic lesion were included in the study. Two gastric mucosal biopsies from antrum and two from corpus were taken. The specimens were processed and examined histologically to see the changes. Results: Gastric biopsies of 100 patients including 65 males and 35 females presenting with non ulcer dyspepsia were studied. Most of the patients were between the age group of 31–50 years. Histological examination of gastric biopsies revealed 70% of patients having histological features of gastritis, while 30% having no significant histological finding. Chronic inflammation was seen in 70 cases (70%), activity in 15 cases (15%), glandular atrophy in 2 cases (2%) and intestinal metaplasia in 2 cases (2%). H.Pylori were identified in 25 cases (25%) based on haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and modified giemsa staining. Conclusion: Most the cases of non ulcer dyspepsia show histological evidence of gastritis, however a significant number of patients showed no gastric mucosal histological abnormality. A significantly low frequency of H. Pylori in gastric biopsies noted in non ulcer dyspepsia cases may be due to more frequent use of antibiotics and acid suppressant drugs used by general practitioners at some stage of disease.