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Background The complex interaction of food habits, stress levels, and gut microbiota is instrumental in shaping global human well-being. Lifestyle indicators like diet, stress, and exercise have immense potential to drive gut health but are usually plagued by the divide between knowledge and action. Methodlogy This research compared lifestyle variables and awareness of gut health in 51 participants on a standardized questionnaire. It analyzed variables such as frequency of meals, intake of processed foods, intake of dietary fiber and probiotics, history of digestive diseases, perceived influence of stress, and knowledge of the gut–brain axis. Results Results indicated that 69.05% of the participants ate only 1-2 meals a day, and 71.43% had moderate consumption (1-2 times per week) of fast or processed foods. A concerning fact is that only 7.14% ate probiotic foods daily, and only 28.57% had high-fiber foods in their daily diet. Gastrointestinal problems were prevalent, with 56.41% having issues and 51.28% having occasional problems (1-2 times per week). In addition, 66.67% thought that stress influences their digestion, and 74.36% experienced changes in diet influencing their gut. Just 13.16% were physically active daily, and 44.74% slept for less than six hours daily, both are known to influence the gut microbiome. While 76.32% understood the diet–stress–microbiota connection, just 57.89% were of the view that dietary modifications can help manage stress. Conclusion The research points to an important gap between knowledge and practical behaviors concerning gut health and stress management. There is a need for public health programs to enhance sustainable lifestyle and dietary changes to improve microbial diversity, digestive well-being, and mental health. Graphical abstract

Insects are potential ingredients for animal feed and human food. Their suitability may be influenced by species and nutritional value. This study was aimed at determining the nutritional profile of four insects: Dipterans; black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) family stratiomyidae and blue calliphora flies (Calliphora vomitoria Linnaeus) family Calliphoridae; and orthopterans; crickets (Acheta domesticus Linnaeus) family Gryllidae and grasshoppers (Ruspolia nitidula Linnaeus) family Tettigoniidae to establish their potential as alternative protein sources for animals (fish and poultry) and humans. Gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and total ash were in the ranges of 2028.11–2551.61 kJ/100 g, 44.31–64.90, 0.61–46.29, 5.075–16.61, 3.43–12.27, and 3.23–8.74 g/100 g, respectively. Hermetia illucens had the highest energy and ash content; C. vomitoria were highest in protein and fiber content, R. nitidula were highest in fat, whereas A. domesticus had the highest carbohydrate content. All insects had essential amino acids required for poultry, fish, and human nutrition. The arginine to lysine ratios of H. illucens, C. vomitoria, A. domesticus, and R. nitidula were 1.45, 1.06, 1.06, and 1.45, respectively. The fatty acids comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Palmitic acid (23.6–38.8 g/100 g of total fat) was the most abundant SFA, exception R. nitidula with 14 g/100 g stearic acid. Linoleic acid (190–1,723 mg/100 g) and linolenic acid (650–1,903 mg/100 g) were the most abundant PUFAs. Only C. vomitoria had docosahexaenoic acid. The study indicates that the insects studied are rich in crude protein and other nutrients and can potentially be used for human and animal (fish and poultry) feeding.

Three‐dimensional (3D) food printing has emerged as an innovative and transformative technology in modern food manufacturing, enabling the design of personalized, sustainable, and nutrient‐optimized foods. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of 3D food printing techniques, including selective laser sintering, extrusion‐based printing, binder jetting, and inkjet printing, and discusses their principles, materials, and comparative advantages. The article further explores the applications of 3D food printing in creating customized meals for healthcare, elderly nutrition, space missions, and the confectionery industry. A particular focus is placed on consumer acceptance, cultural and socioeconomic influences, and challenges related to material cost, safety, and texture. The importance of this study lies in its ability to bridge the technological and psychological aspects of 3D food printing, offering insights into both engineering innovation and consumer perception. The review concludes that, despite current challenges such as cost, print resolution, and limited ingredient diversity, 3D food printing holds immense potential for sustainable food production and personalized nutrition in the near future. Three‐dimensional (3D) food printing has gained significant importance in the food industry due to its ability to create customized designs, streamline supply chains, and offer individualized nutrition. This technology integrates four key processes: selective laser sintering, extrusion‐based printing, binder jetting, and inkjet printing, constructing food layer by layer using ingredients like sugar and gelatin‐infused chocolate.

Helicobacter pylori infection and oxidative stress are most common factors for development of gastric ulcers which is consider to be a most common gastrointestinal disorder. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of avocado seeds aqueous extract as an adjunct to conventional ulcer treatment. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with the participation of 99 patients diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Participants were randomly divided to a control group receiving standard medication and interventional group receiving the same treatment with avocado seeds aqueous extract. Screening and follow-up assessments assessment was performed by barium meal tests, radiological imaging, and serological markers, including H. pylori IgG and IgM (ELISA). Patients in the intervention group showed significant improvements in ulcer morphology and a marked reduction in H. pylori IgG and IgM levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Radiological findings also confirmed better mucosal healing in the supplemented group after 12 weeks of intervention. Intervention group with avocado seeds aqueous extract showed a positive effect combined with conventional treatment, suggesting its potential as a natural adjunct therapy in management of gastric ulcers.

Terminalia arjuna's bark is a renowned medicinal plant material within the Indian subcontinent. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of Terminalia arjuna bark was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with methanol as the extraction solvent. Methanol was selected for its ability to efficiently solubilize phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which are major contributors to the bark's bioactivity. A Box–Behnken design was followed to model the effects of temperature, solvent‐to‐solid ratio, extraction time and sonication power on the yield. The optimized UAE conditions produced an extract with a yield of 12.09%, which was highly enriched in phenolic (442.2 ± 16.2 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (294.6 ± 8.1 mg QE/g) compounds, demonstrating the method's efficiency for targeted phytochemical recovery. Proximate and mineral analysis revealed the bark's nutritional composition and its content of essential minerals like calcium (86.27 ± 1.43 mg/kg) and iron (16.03 ± 1.21 mg/kg). The extract exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ of 186.4 μg/mL in the DPPH assay and 24.4 μM Fe (II) equivalents in the FRAP assay. The study demonstrates that UAE is an efficient technique for obtaining a phytochemically rich extract from T. arjuna bark, which shows antioxidant potential. Terminalia arjuna's bark is a renowned medicinal plant material within the Indian subcontinent. This study sought to enhance the ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) technique to maximize the extraction yield from T. arjuna bark using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).

Nanoparticle vaccines used nanoparticles like liposomes, virosomes, inorganic particles, and polymers in which drug molecules or active antigens are coated, encapsulated, and confined in particular structure. When these coated nanoparticles administrated in person’s body it induced immunity by increasing the maturation and activation of dendritic cells, which promote antigen presentation in cells that activate T and B cells. Nanoparticle vaccines are made of various sources like natural and artificial materials and different types of nanoparticles made depending on type of process used to manufacture. Artificial polymers synthesized by various methods like Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-poly (ethylene glycol), poly (lactic -co- glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), which used in drug delivery by active and passive methods for targeting tumor cells. Nanoparticle vaccine administrated by needle like microneedle arrays or intramuscular route and also use needle-free route like intranasal or oral. Nanoparticles face main challenges like toxicity of material, scalability, specificity of targeted tissues, and mostly are costly. By using nanotechnology, personalized vaccines and may give with combination of other therapies. This review gives an insight on the nanoparticles, their basic source, new development delivery methods and their challenges in coating and encapsulating antigens and future aspects of nanoparticles as drug delivery.

Food is essential for human nutrition, health, and the development of the human body. Soybean is an important plant‐based food and is considered the primary dietary source in recent days. Almost 18%–22% of soybean is comprised of tiny, stable oil bodies with a concentration of triacylglycerol, rich in bioactive substances. These oil bodies of soybean consist of oleosins and steroleosin as part of the monolayer of phospholipids. When soybean oil bodies (SOBs) are extracted in an aqueous solution, a second layer of proteins, primarily composed of lipoxygenase, glycinin, and conglycinin, including Bd 30 K/P34, is added. Research has been conducted on SOBs to better understand their characteristics and how they interact with other chemicals in the manufacturing of many food products to replace the traditional oil‐in‐wateremulsions method. This review briefly explains the composition of soybean and different oil extraction techniques, as well as its health benefits. Among the plant‐based proteins, soy protein and its byproducts are discussed in detail. Additionally, the review explores the qualities of soybean oil bodies, highlighting their most common and effective food applications and providing a detailed description of their structure and composition. Almost 18%–22% of soybean is comprised of tiny, stable oil bodies with a concentration of triacylglycerol, rich in bioactive substances. These oil bodies of soybean consist of oleosins, oleosins, and steroleosin as part of the monolayer of phospholipids. When soybean oil bodies (SOBs) are extracted in an aqueous solution, a second layer of proteins, primarily composed of lipoxygenase, glycinin, and conglycinin, including Bd 30 K/P34, is added.

Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) are known for their impressive range of health benefits, thanks to their diverse array of phytochemicals. These include steroidal sapogenins like diosgenin, alkaloids such as trigonelline, as well as flavonoids, saponins, galactomannans, and polyphenols. Trigonella foenum‐graecum seeds contain mucilaginous fiber, which will tie bile acids and lower fat absorption and cholesterol. These bioactive constituents contribute to fenugreek's antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, gastroprotective, antirheumatic, and antimicrobial activities. Alkaloids, 4‐Hydroxyisoleucine, and steroidal saponins have been shown to improve glucose metabolism and reduce cholesterol absorption. Additionally, specific chemical elements might excite insulin release from the B‐cells directly, resulting in a drop in blood glucose levels. Trigonella foenum‐graecum L. has also been found to have gastroprotective properties, antibacterial activities, and anticancer properties, and has been used to cure arthritis, lose weight, increase milk supply, and manage hyperthyroidism. Overall, fenugreek seeds represent a multi‐target natural agent with significant potential for managing metabolic disorders, inflammation, and related health conditions. Therefore, this paper aims to present the existing knowledge on the nutritional composition, bioactive potential, and health benefits in detail. Trigonella foenum‐graecum seeds contain mucilaginous fiber, which will tie bile acids and lower fat absorption and cholesterol. These bioactive constituents contribute to fenugreek's antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, gastroprotective, antirheumatic, and antimicrobial activities.

The aim of the present study was to assess the anti‐inflammatory effect of hesperidin. The research was conducted by optimizing the hesperidin extraction process from citrus peel powder, followed by characterization and nutrition profiling of citrus peel hesperidin extract. Citrus peel was collected from the local market and dried in a hot air oven. Then it was ground in a grinder to make powder. Then, the powder was extracted first with petroleum ether and then with methanol inside a Soxhlet apparatus. Then, the methanolic extract was filtered and subjected to evaporation in a rotary evaporator. Hesperidin was precipitated and purified with the help of acetic acid and dimethylformamide. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant perspective of hesperidin was assessed through NO2 production assay, assay of inflammatory cytokines, DPPH, and FRAP, respectively. For instance, in the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, for 10 μM of hesperidin, the mean reduction value of three different tubes was observed as 3.36 ± 0.197. With the rise of the quantity of hesperidin, that is, 50, 75, and 100 μM, the mean values were observed as 5.48 ± 0.279, 7.5 ± 0.259, and 10.050 ± 0.832, respectively. Similarly, for the 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay, the mean percentage reduction of the DPPH by hesperidin was 24 ± 0.5774, 35 ± 0.5774, 38 ± 0.57, and 40% ± 0.5% against the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM, respectively. As far as anti‐inflammatory activity is concerned, in the NO2 (Nitrite ion) production assay, the mean production of NO2 by LPS induction was 6.3366 ± 0.1 mM. However, co‐incubation of hesperidin with LPS in the concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 μM in the treatments has shown lesser productions of the NO2 as 4.8967 ± 0.5 μM, 3.6 ± 0.7 μM, and 2.8667 ± 0.5, respectively. Likewise, in the assay of IL‐8, IL‐1β and TNF‐α production assay, the mean production rate of cytokines was 0.6 ± 0.21 ng/mL, 0.47 ± 0.012 ng/mL, and 0.3633 ± 0.045 ng/mL according to the exposure rate of hesperidin as 0.01 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, and 20 μM of the positive control drug PD98059. With a similar exposure rate of hesperidin and the positive control drug, the mean rate of production of IL‐1β was 0.0467 ± 0.079 ng/mL, 0.0367 ± 0.036 ng/mL, and 0.033 ± 0.021 ng/mL, respectively. The third cytokine TNF‐α had also shown similar patterns of inhibition against the same dose rate of hesperidin and PD98059. The mean value for the production of TNF‐α was 0.30 ± 0.18 ng/mL, 0.30 ± 0.091 mg/mL, and 0.1767 ± 0.084 ng/mL against the similar dose of hesperidin and PD98059. The inhibitory effect of hesperidin was more significant in IL‐8 as compared to IL‐1β and TNF‐α. Conclusively, hesperidin did prove to be a significant antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory agent. Citrus peel was collected from the local market and dried in a hot air oven. It was then ground in a grinder to make powder. Then, the powder was extracted first with petroleum ether and then with methanol inside a Soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract was filtered and subjected to evaporation in a rotary evaporator.