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A selection of essential essays, by leading scholars, on Lucan's civil war epic, De Bello Civili. Five essays appear in English for the first time, and quotations from Latin and Greek have been translated. A specially written Introduction, by Susanna Braund, provides an up-to-date guide to scholarship and reception.

BLOOD AND BLOODSHED ARE inevitable by-products of war, literally representative of lost life and suffering. Unsurprisingly, Homer's Iliad embellishes numerous accounts of fighting and death with references to blood. Perhaps it is also unsurprising, given the regularity of wounding and death, that the form and function of bloody description have received little scholarly attention. The purpose of this paper is to show that blood and what I term \"bloodspill\" have poetic significance by surveying the contextual distribution of ... in the Iliad. The lexeme does not appear haphazardly but is associated with certain contexts and individuals. Of particular importance is that blood is increasingly represented as a comestible. Moreover, its desired consumption by the war god Ares and the hero Achilles graphically problematizes the warrior ethic presented in the poem. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Domestic violence has no age limit or favored ethnic group, and occurs everywhere Professional resource in U.S. is the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233

MINIMUM-wage workers lose their jobs because MTA workers think they don't make enough money.\" So says a homeless minimum-wage worker on Skid Row. For every MTA picket, there are 250 people stranded without transportation. Those 2,000 MTA employees need insurance, benefits and job security, but not at the expense of Los Angeles' working people. The strike must stop.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary approximately 65.5 million years ago marks one of the three largest mass extinctions in the past 500 million years. The extinction event coincided with a large asteroid impact at Chicxulub, Mexico, and occurred within the time of Deccan flood basalt volcanism in India. Here, we synthesize records of the global stratigraphy across this boundary to assess the proposed causes of the mass extinction. Notably, a single ejecta-rich deposit compositionally linked to the Chicxulub impact is globally distributed at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The temporal match between the ejecta layer and the onset of the extinctions and the agreement of ecological patterns in the fossil record with modeled environmental perturbations (for example, darkness and cooling) lead us to conclude that the Chicxulub impact triggered the mass extinction.

A number of neurological disorders arise from perturbations in biochemical signaling and protein complex formation within neurons. Normally, proteins form networks that when activated produce persistent changes in a synapse's molecular composition. In hippocampal neurons, calcium ion (Ca2+) flux through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activates Ca2+/calmodulin signal transduction networks that either increase or decrease the strength of the neuronal synapse, phenomena known as long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD), respectively. The calcium-sensor calmodulin (CaM) acts as a common activator of the networks responsible for both LTP and LTD. This is possible, in part, because CaM binding proteins are \"tuned\" to different Ca2+ flux signals by their unique binding and activation dynamics. Computational modeling is used to describe the binding and activation dynamics of Ca2+/CaM signal transduction and can be used to guide focused experimental studies. Although CaM binds over 100 proteins, practical limitations cause many models to include only one or two CaM-activated proteins. In this work, we view Ca2+/CaM as a limiting resource in the signal transduction pathway owing to its low abundance relative to its binding partners. With this view, we investigate the effect of competitive binding on the dynamics of CaM binding partner activation. Using an explicit model of Ca2+, CaM, and seven highly-expressed hippocampal CaM binding proteins, we find that competition for CaM binding serves as a tuning mechanism: the presence of competitors shifts and sharpens the Ca2+ frequency-dependence of CaM binding proteins. Notably, we find that simulated competition may be sufficient to recreate the in vivo frequency dependence of the CaM-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Additionally, competition alone (without feedback mechanisms or spatial parameters) could replicate counter-intuitive experimental observations of decreased activation of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II in knockout models of neurogranin. We conclude that competitive tuning could be an important dynamic process underlying synaptic plasticity.