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As a morally pluralistic theory going beyond classic notions of morality as harm and justice, Moral foundations theory (MFT) has inspired a substantial volume of studies since its inception. The theory was recently refined, leading to the development of a second version of its correspondent scale, namely Moral Foundations Questionnaire-2 (MFQ-2), which is aimed at assessing Care, Equality, Proportionality, Loyalty, Authority and Purity as the six foundations underlying morality according to the revised MFT. Given the low internal consistencies of a number of foundations in the former version of the scale (MFQ-1), this study aimed to examine psychometric properties of the Persian MFQ-2, including its convergent validity with MFQ-1. Data were collected from two separate samples (N1 = 392, N2 = 989). Internal consistencies of the subscales were acceptable and showed an improvement over MFQ-1. Exploratory factor analysis of MFQ-2 items in sample 1 led to four factors, with Loyalty, Authority and Purity items loading on one, and Care, Equality and Proportionality items loading on distinct factors each. Confirmatory factor analysis in sample 2 supported the factorial validity of the postulated six-foundation structure for MFQ-2. With respect to the grouping of moral foundations, exploratory graph analysis in sample 1 yielded one cluster, which in a follow-up CFA in sample 2 was found to be comparably fit to two posited bidimensional (referring to individual vs. group -related moral concern) alternatives. MFQ-2 foundations were most strongly related to their corresponding MFQ-1 counterparts, confirming the scale’s convergent validity. We also replicated and went beyond the existing literature on sociodemographic correlates of moral foundations. In particular, Proportionality had the weakest relations to religiosity and political orientation among all foundations. We close by proposing alternate explanations for the findings and discussing implications of the results for MFQ-2 and MFT.

According to the phenomenon commonly known as action effect and vastly replicated across the judgment and decision-making literature, more regret is associated with decisions resulting from action than inaction. Action vs. inaction, however, might either refer to change vs. no change or doing something vs. not doing something. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of this variation in operationalization of action-inaction on the strength of action effect, for both positive and negative outcomes, across four different domains of employment, finance, education, and health. This was an experimental scenario-based study (N = 215) with four between-subjects conditions varying in outcome valence and the actor’s initial state as either engaged or non-engaged in a particular course of action. Action effect was found to be stronger with respect to the initially engaged than the initially non-engaged decision-maker (ηp2 = .04), indicating that action as change results in a stronger action effect than action as doing something. The effect of the initial state was also moderated by domain. In addition, we both replicated and went beyond prior empirical literature regarding the effect of outcome valence and domain on action effect, with our findings being mostly consistent across joy and regret. Findings are discussed in light of the norm theory and its key concept of normality and contribute to the literature on moderators of action effect.

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Cecilia Reyna was incorrectly associated with ‘Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina.’ instead of the correct ‘Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.’ This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. © The Author(s) 2021

IntroductionRestorative dentistry faces complex challenges with deep proximal surface destruction, requiring novel approaches like DME (Deep Margin Elevation). In order to achieve the best results while treating severe tooth damage, this study examines the advantages, disadvantages, and possible collaborations of different treatments.AimsThis systematic review investigates the efficacy of DME as an adjunctive procedure in restorative dentistry, specifically focusing on its impact on microleakage.MethodsThe study adheres to PRISMA guidelines and employs the PICOS framework for eligibility criteria. 394 potentially qualifying studies were discovered and thorough literature search was carried out via databases. After applying inclusion criteria, 7 studies were included in the analysis. Articles were selected based on criteria that included indirect restoration and performing DME and were compared with indirect restorations without DME. Composite resin was used for DME. Other materials for DME performing, including GI and composite flow, were systematically reviewed. Data analysis was done by biostat software (α = 0.05).ResultsThe meta-analysis of selected studies reveals a statistically significant positive effect of DME on reduction of microleakage (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe results of this study underscore the potential of DME in addressing subgingival margin challenges and provide valuable insights for restorative dentistry practices.