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"Nelson, Mark"
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Pushing our limits : insights from Biosphere 2
Biospherian Mark Nelson offers insider perspectives on Biosphere 2 and bold insights into today's global ecological challenges--Provided by publisher.
Book
Assessing the vulnerability of marine life to climate change in the Pacific Islands region
Our changing climate poses growing challenges for effective management of marine life, ocean ecosystems, and human communities. Which species are most vulnerable to climate change, and where should management focus efforts to reduce these risks? To address these questions, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Climate Science Strategy called for vulnerability assessments in each of NOAA’s ocean regions. The Pacific Islands Vulnerability Assessment (PIVA) project assessed the susceptibility of 83 marine species to the impacts of climate change projected to 2055. In a standard Rapid Vulnerability Assessment framework, this project applied expert knowledge, literature review, and climate projection models to synthesize the best available science towards answering these questions. Here we: (1) provide a relative climate vulnerability ranking across species; (2) identify key attributes and factors that drive vulnerability; and (3) identify critical data gaps in understanding climate change impacts to marine life. The invertebrate group was ranked most vulnerable and pelagic and coastal groups not associated with coral reefs were ranked least vulnerable. Sea surface temperature, ocean acidification, and oxygen concentration were the main exposure drivers of vulnerability. Early Life History Survival and Settlement Requirements was the most data deficient of the sensitivity attributes considered in the assessment. The sensitivity of many coral reef fishes ranged between Low and Moderate, which is likely underestimated given that reef species depend on a biogenic habitat that is extremely threatened by climate change. The standard assessment methodology originally developed in the Northeast US, did not capture the additional complexity of the Pacific region, such as the diversity, varied horizontal and vertical distributions, extent of coral reef habitats, the degree of dependence on vulnerable habitat, and wide range of taxa, including data-poor species. Within these limitations, this project identified research needs to sustain marine life in a changing climate.
Journal Article
Gathering Data for Archival, Field, Survey, and Experimental Accounting Research
In the published proceedings of the first Journal of Accounting Research Conference, Vatter [1966] lamented that \"Gathering direct and original facts is a tedious and difficult task, and it is not surprising that such work is avoided.\" For the fiftieth JAR Conference, we introduce a framework to help researchers understand the complementary value of seven empirical methods that gather data in different ways: prestructured archives, unstructured (\"hand-collected\") archives, field studies, field experiments, surveys, laboratory studies, and laboratory experiments. The framework spells out five goals of an empirical literature and defines the seven methods according to researchers' choices with respect to five data gathering tasks. We use the framework and examples of successful research studies in the financial reporting literature to clarify how data gathering choices affect a study's ability to achieve its goals, and conclude by showing how the complementary nature of different methods allows researchers to build a literature more effectively than they could with less diverse approaches to gathering data.
Journal Article
A Model and Literature Review of Professional Skepticism in Auditing
This paper reviews research that examines professional skepticism (PS) in auditing. Consistent with much research and with recent regulatory concerns, the paper defines PS as indicated by auditor judgments and decisions that reflect a heightened assessment of the risk that an assertion is incorrect, conditional on the information available to the auditor. The paper provides a model that describes how audit evidence combines with auditor knowledge, traits, and incentives to produce judgments that reflect PS. The model also describes how, given a judgment that reflects some level of PS, the judgment combines with auditor knowledge, traits, and incentives to produce actions that reflect relatively more or less PS. The model highlights that auditors' pre-existing knowledge, traits, and incentives all combine (and potentially trade off or interact) to affect the amount of PS in audit judgment and audit actions. Professional skepticism is a concept that is discussed frequently in professional standards, but with little precision.
Journal Article
The Thing. Project Pegasus
\"Project Pegasus hired the blue-eyed Thing as its security guard - but what's the point if the base is already filled with super villains? It's the classic saga, featuring all yoru favorites - including Hercules and Thundra, Deathlok and Doctor Strange, Captain America and Marvel, Man-Thing and ... Classic Thing? Watch as bashful Benjy faces action in Olympus and the Nexus, and from Hollywood to Yancy Street! Gasp as three heroes debut new identities and thrill to all the fun of super heroes poler night! Plus: will lending a hand protecting the facility from the Lava Men earn Spider-Man a spot on the Avengers? Or will a super villain riot lead to pandemonium at Project Pegasus?\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Moving the Goalposts for Blood Pressure — Time to Act
We often lament the lack of confirmatory studies that can either reassure us all that the previous evidence for a trialed intervention is robust or indicate that the evidence is questionable. Zhang and colleagues have conducted such a study — the STEP trial
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— which in essence investigates the veracity of the findings of the previous trial SPRINT,
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but in an older cohort and in China, a country with a considerable burden of high blood pressure and stroke. The investigators have demonstrated impressive organizational skills in completing recruitment for such a large multicenter trial within a calendar year. As in . . .
Journal Article