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"Nelson, Matt"
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An extraordinary theory of objects : a memoir of an outsider in Paris
A series of illustrated essays that unfold in cinematic fashion, LaCava's book explores her girlhood in the Parisian suburb of Le Vâesinet, where her feelings of anxiety and depression are lifted when she begins to discover the uncommon, uncelebrated beauty in common objects.
Book
The decline of patrilineal kin propinquity in the United States, 1790–1940
Historical change in the availability of kin beyond the household has long interested scholars, but there has been little comparable evidence on long-run change. While generally accepted that individuals lived near kin historically, no systematic measures have been available to assess historical kin propinquity at the national level.
With the release of historical complete count United States census data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), a robust estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity for the United States nationally from 1790 to 1940 is calculated. Defined as the probability of non-random isonymy within an enumeration district, the estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity relies on the sequential ordering of households in the census.
The United States experienced a long-run decline in patrilineal kin propinquity from nearly 50% of households in 1790 to 17% of households in 1940. The age patterns of kin propinquity show substantial variation across the life course, and regional differences demonstrate the impact of economic and demographic conditions. The decline in kin propinquity reflected urbanization and the decline of agriculture, declining kin availability, growing distance between potential kin links, and a change in preferences of living near kin.
This is the first study to produce a systematic estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity at the national level for the United States between 1790 and 1940. Researchers can use this meaningful measure of patrilineal kin propinquity to better explain its relationships with other demographic behaviors and outcomes such as fertility, mortality, and migration choices.
Journal Article
Select and resequence reveals relative fitness of bacteria in symbiotic and free-living environments
Assays to accurately estimate relative fitness of bacteria growing in multistrain communities can advance our understanding of how selection shapes diversity within a lineage. Here, we present a variant of the “evolve and resequence” approach both to estimate relative fitness and to identify genetic variants responsible for fitness variation of symbiotic bacteria in free-living and host environments. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by characterizing selection by two plant hosts and in two free-living environments (sterilized soil and liquid media) acting on synthetic communities of the facultatively symbiotic bacterium Ensifer meliloti. We find (i) selection that hosts exert on rhizobial communities depends on competition among strains, (ii) selection is stronger inside hosts than in either free-living environment, and (iii) a positive host-dependent relationship between relative strain fitness in multistrain communities and host benefits provided by strains in single-strain experiments. The greatest changes in allele frequencies in response to plant hosts are in genes associated with motility, regulation of nitrogen fixation, and host/rhizobia signaling. The approach we present provides a powerful complement to experimental evolution and forward genetic screens for characterizing selection in bacterial populations, identifying gene function, and surveying the functional importance of naturally occurring genomic variation.
Journal Article
The Influence of Kin Proximity on the Reproductive Success of American Couples, 1900–1910
Children require a large amount of time, effort, and resources to raise. Physical help, financial contributions, medical care, and other types of assistance from kin and social network members allow couples to space births closer together while maintaining or increasing child survival. We examine the impact of kin availability on couples' reproductive success in the early twentieth-century United States with a panel data set of over 3.1 million couples linked between the 1900 and 1910 U.S. censuses. Our results indicate that kin proximity outside the household was positively associated with fertility, child survival, and net reproduction, and suggest that declining kin availability was an important contributing factor to the fertility transition in the United States. We also find important differences between maternal and paternal kin inside the household—including higher fertility among women residing with their mother-in-law than among those residing with their mother—that support hypotheses related to the contrasting motivations and concerns of parents and parents-in-law.
Journal Article
Development of Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometers as Stable Near-infrared Calibration Sources for High Resolution Spectrographs
We discuss the ongoing development of single-mode fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) Interferometers as precise astrophotonic calibration sources for high precision radial velocity (RV) spectrographs. FFPs are simple, inexpensive, monolithic units that can yield a stable and repeatable output spectrum. An FFP is a unique alternative to a traditional etalon, as the interferometric cavity is made of single-mode fiber rather than an air-gap spacer. This design allows for excellent collimation, high spectral finesse, rigid mechanical stability, insensitivity to vibrations, and no need for vacuum operation. The device we have tested is a commercially available product from Micron Optics.10 Our development path is targeted toward a calibration source for the Habitable-Zone Planet Finder (HPF), a near-infrared spectrograph designed to detect terrestrial-mass planets around low-mass stars, but this reference could also be used in many existing and planned fiber-fed spectrographs as we illustrate using the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) instrument. With precise temperature control of the fiber etalon, we achieve a thermal stability of 100 μK and associated velocity uncertainty of 22 cm s-1. We achieve a precision of ≈2 m s-1 in a single APOGEE fiber over 12 hr using this new photonic reference after removal of systematic correlations. This high precision (close to the expected photon-limited floor) is a testament to both the excellent intrinsic wavelength stability of the fiber interferometer and the stability of the APOGEE instrument design. Overall instrument velocity precision is 80 cm s-1 over 12 hr when averaged over all 300 APOGEE fibers and after removal of known trends and pressure correlations, implying the fiber etalon is intrinsically stable to significantly higher precision.
Journal Article
Maybe Elephants Can Dance
The United States initially developed a long-term care system that prioritized nursing home care over in-home care, particularly for those supported by the Medicaid program. Legislation in 1981 attempted to change that strategy, but progress was slow. Today, however, the long-term services system has been altered in most states to emphasize home- and community-based services as a major option supported by the Medicaid program. Using Ohio as a case study, the system change is highlighted in this article, and policy issues for tomorrow are discussed.
Journal Article
Pangenome of white lupin provides insights into the diversity of the species
Summary White lupin is an old crop with renewed interest due to its seed high protein content and high nutritional value. Despite a long domestication history in the Mediterranean basin, modern breeding efforts have been fairly scarce. Recent sequencing of its genome has provided tools for further description of genetic resources but detailed characterization of genomic diversity is still missing. Here, we report the genome sequencing of 39 accessions that were used to establish a white lupin pangenome. We defined 32 068 core genes that are present in all individuals and 14 822 that are absent in some and may represent a gene pool for breeding for improved productivity, grain quality, and stress adaptation. We used this new pangenome resource to identify candidate genes for alkaloid synthesis, a key grain quality trait. The white lupin pangenome provides a novel genetic resource to better understand how domestication has shaped the genomic variability within this crop. Thus, this pangenome resource is an important step towards the effective and efficient genetic improvement of white lupin to help meet the rapidly growing demand for plant protein sources for human and animal consumption.
Journal Article
IDENTIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE PREVALENCE AND CURRENT SERVICE USE IN OHIO’S 88 COUNTIES
Abstract
Recently released data reveals that over 235,000 people over the age of 65 have Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) in Ohio. Using 2020 data from the National Center for Health Statistics, county-level specific ADRD prevalence estimates for Ohio’s 88 counties were also prepared (Range: 9.4-13.4 per 1000 individuals 65+). Researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers can use these estimates to better understand the reach and impact of ADRD in local communities. Nationally and in Ohio, care and support for older adults and specifically older adults with ADRD typically falls to family caregivers, home- and community-based service (HCBS) providers, and residential care providers such as nursing homes. This study pairs the county-level ADRD prevalence data with county-level data on available services (e.g., Memory Care Units, nursing home beds) and service users (e.g., HCBS users). The 10 counties in Ohio with the highest prevalence rates are home to nearly 60% of the 65+ population statewide. Additionally, these counties had a significantly higher proportion of older Black/Hispanic individuals than the other counties (10.8 versus 2.9). When looking at capacity, the top 10 counties contained just 12% of all nursing home beds, but 54% of nursing homes memory care units for the entire state. When considering service use, these 10 counties served a smaller percentage of the state’s HCBS users (13%). For Ohio and other states, it is important to explore available services and current service usage when faced with the increasing estimates of people living with ADRD.
Journal Article
ANALYSIS OF OHIO’S ASSISTED LIVING DIRECT CARE WORKFORCE
Abstract
Direct care workers (DCWs) in Ohio’s licensed residential care facilities (RCFs) provide the most assistance with activities of daily living to individuals with disabilities. DCWs include medication aides, personal care aides, and nurse aides. In 2017, 41% of Ohio AL administrators reported high DCW recruitment issues and 36% high DCW retention problems (8+ on 10-point scale). Understanding how RCFs with no or little recruitment/retention challenges compare to other RCFs on strategies used, training hours, wages, benefits, resident composition, and RCF characteristics can identify potential strategies to increase recruitment/retention. This study uses the 2019 Ohio Biennial Survey of Long-Term Care Facilities (n=540 RCFs) to compare RCF strategies to recruit and retain DCWs by measures of recruitment/retention problem-severity and their 3-year retention rates among full-time (FT) and part-time (PT) DCWs. In 2019, 65% of Ohio RCF administrators reported recruitment issues at the median or greater (8+). Similarly, 62% of RCFs experienced retention issues at the median or more (7+). On average, 37% of FT DCWs worked in the RCF for 3 years or more and 21% among PT DCWs (ranges: 0%-100%). 28.24% of RCFs reported high 3-year retention among FT DCWs (60-100%) and 26.51% reported high 3-year retention among their PT DCWs (30%-100%). RCFs with less serious recruitment challenges report providing more hours of training for newly employed DCWs before they provide resident care (34.54 vs. 29.60, t=-2.7, p<.01). Individual retention strategies did not show relationships with high retention. Results indicate pervasive challenges with DCW retention and recruitment that require new approaches.
Journal Article