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"Nelson, Paul"
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Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews
Injecting drug use is an important risk factor for transmission of viral hepatitis, but detailed, transparent estimates of the scale of the issue do not exist. We estimated national, regional, and global prevalence and population size for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in injecting drug users (IDUs).
We systematically searched for data for HBV and HCV in IDUs in peer-reviewed databases (Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO), grey literature, conference abstracts, and online resources, and made a widely distributed call for additional data. From 4386 peer-reviewed and 1019 grey literature sources, we reviewed 1125 sources in full. We extracted studies into a customised database and graded them according to their methods. We included serological reports of HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), HBV antibodies (anti-HBc), or HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in studies of IDUs with more than 40 participants (<100% HIV-positive) and sampling frames that did not exclude participants on the basis of age or sex. With endorsed decision rules, we calculated prevalence estimates with anti-HCV and anti-HBc as proxies for exposure and HBsAg as proxy for current infection. We combined these estimates with IDU population sizes to calculate the number of IDUs with positive HBV or HCV statuses.
We located eligible reports with data for prevalence of anti-HCV in IDUs for 77 countries; midpoint prevalence estimates suggested 60–80% of IDUs had anti-HCV in 25 countries and more than 80% of IDUs did so in 12 countries. About 10.0 million (range 6.0–15.2) IDUs worldwide might be anti-HCV positive. China (1.6 million), USA (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million) had the largest such populations. We identified eligible HBsAg reports for 59 countries, with midpoint prevalence estimates of 5–10% in 21 countries and more than 10% in ten countries. Worldwide, we estimate 6.4 million IDUs are anti-HBc positive (2.3–9.7 million), and 1.2 million (0.3–2.7 million) are HBsAg positive.
More IDUs have anti-HCV than HIV infection, and viral hepatitis poses a key challenge to public health. Variation in the coverage and quality of existing research creates uncertainty around estimates. Improved and more complete data and reporting are needed to estimate the scale of the issue, which will inform efforts to prevent and treat HCV and HBV in IDUs.
WHO and US National Institutes of Health (NIDA R01 DA018609).
Journal Article
Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging
Current theories attribute aging to a failure of selection, due to either pleiotropic constraints or declining strength of selection after the onset of reproduction. These theories implicitly leave open the possibility that if senescence-causing alleles could be identified, or if antagonistic pleiotropy could be broken, the effects of aging might be ameliorated or delayed indefinitely. These theories are built on models of selection between multicellular organisms, but a full understanding of aging also requires examining the role of somatic selection within an organism. Selection between somatic cells (i.e., intercellular competition) can delay aging by purging nonfunctioning cells. However, the fitness of a multicellular organism depends not just on how functional its individual cells are but also on how well cells work together. While intercellular competition weeds out nonfunctional cells, it may also select for cells that do not cooperate. Thus, intercellular competition creates an inescapable double bind that makes aging inevitable in multicellular organisms.
Journal Article
Emotions in sport coaching
Emotions are widely acknowledged as an inextricable feature of human behaviour, experience and interaction. They are, arguably, the glue that can bind people together or, alternatively, drive them apart. While social scientists have paid attention to the centrality of emotions in social and pedagogical relationships, the sport coaching literature has remained largely free of emotions. Indeed, there remains a paucity of scholarship exploring how emotions may be (re-)produced in, as well as through, the social interactions and contextual relations that constitute coaching. Similarly, we know very little about how emotions are embodied in the everyday practice of individuals and groups. The aim of this book is to generate new and exploratory insights into the emotions that are an inherent feature of social relations and individual experience in coaching.
Book
Spectral aspect subconvex bounds for Un+1×Un
Let (π,σ) traverse a sequence of pairs of cuspidal automorphic representations of a unitary Gan–Gross–Prasad pair (Un+1,Un) over a number field, with Un anisotropic. We assume that at some distinguished archimedean place, the pair stays away from the conductor dropping locus, while at every other place, the pair has bounded ramification and satisfies certain local conditions (in particular, temperedness). We prove that the subconvex bound L(π×σ,1/2)≪C(π×σ)1/4-δholds for any fixed δ<18n5+28n4+42n3+36n2+14n.Among other ingredients, the proof employs a refinement of the microlocal calculus for Lie group representations developed with A. Venkatesh and an observation of S. Marshall concerning the geometric side of the relative trace formula.
Journal Article
Excel data analysis
\"If you can get data into Excel, then you have a giant basket of data analysis tools at your fingertips. This book shows you how to access and use the features and techniques for organizing, manipulating, and summarizing just about anything that resides in a worksheet. So if you're familiar with Excel but lack a background in the technical aspects of data analysis, this user-friendly book makes it easy to start putting Excel to use for you\" -- Page 4 of cover.
Book
Correction: ORFanID: A web-based search engine for the discovery and identification of orphan and taxonomically restricted genes
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291260.].
Journal Article