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THE INTENSE ANXIETY OF MC PARENTS & MD'S IN WESTERN EUROPE & THE US WITH CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT MASTURBATION IN THE PERIOD 1700 TO 1920 IS INVESTIGATED. PARENTS DENIED THE REALITY OF INFANTILE & CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY, & PRESCRIBED CLOSE SUPERVISION OF THE CHILD AT HOME & SCHOOL. WHEN MASTURBATION MANIFESTED ITSELF AMONG CHILDREN, IT WAS OFTEN BLAMED UPON DOMESTIC SERVANTS BY ASSUMING THEY HAD A DIFFERENT SET OF SEXUAL MORES FROM THEIR EMPLOYERS. BETTER NUTRITION LEADING TO EARLIER PUBERTY, & EXTENDED PERIODS OF SCHOOLING & TRAINING COMBINED TO WIDEN THE GAP BETWEEN CHILDHOOD & A SEXUAL MATURITY WITH ENOUGH ECONOMIC SECURITY TO ESTABLISH A NEW HOUSEHOLD APPROPRIATE TO ONE'S SC. THIS GAP--ADOLESCENCE-- BECAME WIDER WITH THE CONTINUED LATE MARRIAGE AGE OF THE MC M. THUS, INTENSIVE REPRESSION OF CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY BECAME MORE EXTENSIVE AS PARENTS & MD'S SOUGHT TO PROHIBIT MASTURBATION BECAUSE OF ITS IMAGINED DANGERS TO MENTAL HEALTH. THERE WAS NO SINGLE MC RESPONSE TO MASTURBATION. THE MOST NEGATIVE POSITION--OF 'RESPECTABLE CONTINENCE'--DREW ELABORATE & FALLACIOUS ANALOGIES BETWEEN SEXUAL ENERGY, THE HUMAN BODY, & ECONOMICS. BEHIND THESE ANALOGIES LAY GENUINE IGNORANCE ABOUT HUMAN SEXUALITY & A POWERFUL SCARCITY MENTALITY WHICH THE MASTURBATOR REJECTED AT THE SEXUAL LEVEL. SUCH ADOLESCENT 'INSUBORDINATION' WAS INTERPRETED AS SYMPTOMATIC OF MASTURBATORY INSANITY & ITS CLOSE NOSOLOGICAL RELATIVE, HEBEPHRENIA. THUS PARENTS & MD'S COULD THREATEN MASTURBATING ADOLESCENTS WITH TREATMENT FOR MENTAL ILLNESS IF THEY FAILED TO SUBLIMATE THEIR SEXUALITY IN WAYS ACCEPTABLE TO THEIR SUPERIORS. OTHER MEMBERS OF THE MC REJECTED THE SCARCITY PRINCIPLE IN THEIR OWN MARRIAGES. THIS GROUP REJECTED THE OLDER NOTION OF MASTURBATORY INSANITY, BUT ARGUED THAT MASTURBATION DEGRADED YOUTH, DISTRACTED THE YOUNG FROM EDUCATION, & DEBASED THE NOBLE ASPIRATIONS OF ADOLESCENSE. THESE PROGRESSIVES PRESCRIBED SEX EDUCATION COURSES WHICH SOUGHT TO DENY AUTONOMOUS SEXUAL ACTIVITY TO THE YOUNG BY CONTROLLING THEIR SEXUAL IDEOLOGY & BEHAVIOR UNTIL THEY HAD BEEN STEERED SAFELY INTO THE SHELTER OF A HEALTHY & RESPECTABLE MARRIAGE. DATA WERE GATHERED FROM MEDICAL WRITINGS FROM THE US, FRANCE, GERMANY, & GREAT BRITAIN, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO CASE STUDIES OF MASTURBATORY INSANITY WHICH REVEAL THE HIDDEN IDEOLOGICAL CONCERNS OF PARENTS & MD'S. MODIFIED AA.

Ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO+NO2) and biogenic isoprene. Model estimates of surface ozone concentrations tend to be biased high in the region and this is of concern for designing effective emission control strategies to meet air quality standards. We use detailed chemical observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August and September 2013, interpreted with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at 0.25° × 0.3125° horizontal resolution, to better understand the factors controlling surface ozone in the Southeast US. We find that the National Emission Inventory (NEI) for NOx from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is too high. This finding is based on SEAC4RS observations of NOx and its oxidation products, surface network observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes, and OMI satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns. Our results indicate that NEI NOx emissions from mobile and industrial sources must be reduced by 30-60%, dependent on the assumption of the contribution by soil NOx emissions. Upper-tropospheric NO2 from lightning makes a large contribution to satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 that must be accounted for when using these data to estimate surface NOx emissions. We find that only half of isoprene oxidation proceeds by the high-NOx pathway to produce ozone; this fraction is only moderately sensitive to changes in NOx emissions because isoprene and NOx emissions are spatially segregated. GEOS-Chem with reduced NOx emissions provides an unbiased simulation of ozone observations from the aircraft and reproduces the observed ozone production efficiency in the boundary layer as derived from a regression of ozone and NOx oxidation products. However, the model is still biased high by 6±14ppb relative to observed surface ozone in the Southeast US. Ozonesondes launched during midday hours show a 7ppb ozone decrease from 1.5km to the surface that GEOS-Chem does not capture. This bias may reflect a combination of excessive vertical mixing and net ozone production in the model boundary layer.

Patients with melanoma and positive sentinel nodes were randomly assigned to completion lymph-node dissection or observation. Melanoma-specific survival did not differ significantly between the groups. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy is a standard procedure in the care of appropriately selected patients with melanoma. The first Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-I) confirmed the value of early nodal evaluation and treatment. 1 – 3 This prospective, international, randomized trial showed that the pathologic status of the sentinel node or nodes was the most important prognostic factor and that patients who underwent sentinel-node biopsy had fewer recurrences of melanoma than patients who underwent wide excision and nodal observation. Among patients with intermediate-thickness melanomas (defined as 1.2 to 3.5 mm) and nodal metastases, early surgical treatment, guided by sentinel-node biopsy, was associated with increased . . .

Human locomotion involves continuously variable activities including walking, running, and stair climbing over a range of speeds and inclinations as well as sit-stand, walk-run, and walk-stairs transitions. Understanding the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs during continuously varying locomotion is fundamental to developing robotic prostheses and exoskeletons that assist in community ambulation. However, available datasets on human locomotion neglect transitions between activities and/or continuous variations in speed and inclination during these activities. This data paper reports a new dataset that includes the lower-limb kinematics and kinetics of ten able-bodied participants walking at multiple inclines (±0°; 5° and 10°) and speeds (0.8 m/s; 1 m/s; 1.2 m/s), running at multiple speeds (1.8 m/s; 2 m/s; 2.2 m/s and 2.4 m/s), walking and running with constant acceleration (±0.2; 0.5), and stair ascent/descent with multiple stair inclines (20°; 25°; 30° and 35°). This dataset also includes sit-stand transitions, walk-run transitions, and walk-stairs transitions. Data were recorded by a Vicon motion capture system and, for applicable tasks, a Bertec instrumented treadmill. Measurement(s) locomotory behavior • able-bodied gait • joint kinematics • joint kinetics Technology Type(s) motion capture • forceplates Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16611523

The sum of all reactive nitrogen species (NOy) includes NOx (NO2 + NO) and all of its oxidized forms, and the accurate detection of NOy is critical to understanding atmospheric nitrogen chemistry. Thermal dissociation (TD) inlets, which convert NOy to NO2 followed by NO2 detection, are frequently used in conjunction with techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to measure total NOy when set at > 600 °C or speciated NOy when set at intermediate temperatures. We report the conversion efficiency of known amounts of several representative NOy species to NO2 in our TD-CRDS instrument, under a variety of experimental conditions. We find that the conversion efficiency of HNO3 is highly sensitive to the flow rate and the residence time through the TD inlet as well as the presence of other species that may be present during ambient sampling, such as ozone (O3). Conversion of HNO3 at 400 °C, nominally the set point used to selectively convert organic nitrates, can range from 2 to 6 % and may represent an interference in measurement of organic nitrates under some conditions. The conversion efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating characteristics of individual quartz ovens and should be well calibrated prior to use in field sampling. We demonstrate quantitative conversion of both gas-phase N2O5 and particulate ammonium nitrate in the TD inlet at 650 °C, which is the temperature normally used for conversion of HNO3. N2O5 has two thermal dissociation steps, one at low temperature representing dissociation to NO2 and NO3 and one at high temperature representing dissociation of NO3, which produces exclusively NO2 and not NO. We also find a significant interference from partial conversion (5–10 %) of NH3 to NO at 650 °C in the presence of representative (50 ppbv) levels of O3 in dry zero air. Although this interference appears to be suppressed when sampling ambient air, we nevertheless recommend regular characterization of this interference using standard additions of NH3 to TD instruments that convert reactive nitrogen to NO or NO2.

Abstract BACKGROUND Thermal flow evaluation (TFE) is a non-invasive method to assess ventriculoperitoneal shunt function. Flow detected by TFE is a negative predictor of the need for revision surgery. Further optimization of testing protocols, evaluation in multiple centers, and integration with clinical and imaging impressions prompted the current study. OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2 TFE protocols, with micropumper (TFE+MP) or without (TFE-only), to neuro-imaging in patients emergently presenting with symptoms concerning for shunt malfunction. METHODS We performed a prospective multicenter operator-blinded trial of a consecutive series of patients who underwent evaluation for shunt malfunction. TFE was performed, and preimaging clinician impressions and imaging results were recorded. The primary outcome was shunt obstruction requiring neurosurgical revision within 7 d. Non-inferiority of the sensitivity of TFE vs neuro-imaging for detecting shunt obstruction was tested using a prospectively determined a priori margin of −2.5%. RESULTS We enrolled 406 patients at 10 centers. Of these, 68/348 (20%) evaluated with TFE+MP and 30/215 (14%) with TFE-only had shunt obstruction. The sensitivity for detecting obstruction was 100% (95% CI: 88%-100%) for TFE-only, 90% (95% CI: 80%-96%) for TFE+MP, 76% (95% CI: 65%-86%) for imaging in TFE+MP cohort, and 77% (95% CI: 58%-90%) for imaging in the TFE-only cohort. Difference in sensitivities between TFE methods and imaging did not exceed the non-inferiority margin. CONCLUSION TFE is non-inferior to imaging in ruling out shunt malfunction and may help avoid imaging and other steps. For this purpose, TFE only is favored over TFE+MP.