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We are told that nationally there are now thousands more police officers, I was therefore more than a little alarmed to learn that West Midlands Police still do not respond to reports of vehicle crime. On Saturday, January 22, I discovered that, during the night, someone had forced a locked side door on my garage and stolen two motorcycles, some crash-helmets and motorcycle clothing. (Total value approx pounds 10,000 - not including the cost of replacing the door).

Contrast this with the case of a very senior politician who strikes a protester who threw an egg at him. The protester is, of course, arrested while the politician walks unhindered - despite the fact that the incident is witnessed by millions watching the late- night news on BBC television.

The kinetics and mechanisms of solvolysis of some compounds of transition and non-transition elements have been reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on the chlorine compounds of carbon, silicon and boron. The factors governing the stabilities of the addition compounds of the Group III B acceptors are discussed. Investigation of the heats of formation of the crystalline adducts of pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine and 2:6 dimethylpyridine with boron trichloride has indicated that the donor strength of these amines towards the Lewis acid, boron trichloride, is This sequence can be correlated with the increasing rate constant for the unimolecular solvolysis in 25% v/v ethanol-water, on the basis of a mechanism involving ionisation of the boron-chlorine bond as the rate determining stage. The transition state is assumed to be resonance stabilised and the anomalous position of 2-methyl pyridine is attributed to the non-planarity of the 2-methyl pyridine-boron dichloride cation precluding resonance stabilisation. A study of the reaction of boron trichloride with the trialkylamines, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine and tri-n-butylamine has shown that a slow secondary reaction occurs in the presence of an excess of tri-n-propylamine and tri-n-butylamine which is similar to that observed for the boron trichloride-2:6-dimethylpyridine system. The corresponding adducts showed a similar behaviour in an excess of the amine. Evaluation of this reaction has proved unsuccessful and an estimation has been made of the heats of reaction of boron trichloride with tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine and 2:6-dimethyl pyridine by an empirical method. The kinetics of solvolysis of the trialkylamine adducts have been studied in 75% v/v ethanol-water. This data correlates with the thermochemical data to indicate that boron-nitrogen bond fission is the most probable mechanism in this solvent. Solvolysis of trimethylpmine-boron trichloride in 25% v/v ethanol-mater in the Presence of added electrolytes and high acid concentration provides evidence for a nmchanism similar to that observed for the pyridine adducts, i.e. ionisation of the boron-chlorine bond. The use of Karl Fischer reagent to investigate the dehydration of some aquo complexes has been examined.

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fruit juice, and milk are components of diet of major public health interest. To-date, assessment of their global distributions and health impacts has been limited by insufficient comparable and reliable data by country, age, and sex. To quantify global, regional, and national levels of SSB, fruit juice, and milk intake by age and sex in adults over age 20 in 2010. We identified, obtained, and assessed data on intakes of these beverages in adults, by age and sex, from 193 nationally- or subnationally-representative diet surveys worldwide, representing over half the world's population. We also extracted data relevant to milk, fruit juice, and SSB availability for 187 countries from annual food balance information collected by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to account for measurement incomparability, study representativeness, and sampling and modeling uncertainty, and to combine and harmonize nationally representative dietary survey data and food availability data. In 2010, global average intakes were 0.58 (95%UI: 0.37, 0.89) 8 oz servings/day for SSBs, 0.16 (0.10, 0.26) for fruit juice, and 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) for milk. There was significant heterogeneity in consumption of each beverage by region and age. Intakes of SSB were highest in the Caribbean (1.9 servings/day; 1.2, 3.0); fruit juice consumption was highest in Australia and New Zealand (0.66; 0.35, 1.13); and milk intake was highest in Central Latin America and parts of Europe (1.06; 0.68, 1.59). Intakes of all three beverages were lowest in East Asia and Oceania. Globally and within regions, SSB consumption was highest in younger adults; fruit juice consumption showed little relation with age; and milk intakes were highest in older adults. Our analysis highlights the enormous spectrum of beverage intakes worldwide, by country, age, and sex. These data are valuable for highlighting gaps in dietary surveillance, determining the impacts of these beverages on global health, and targeting dietary policy.

Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. The term JIA encompasses a heterogenous group of diseases. The variability in phenotype of patients affected by the disease means it is not uncommon for mimics of JIA to be misdiagnosed. Case presentation We present four cases who were treated in single tertiary rheumatology centre for JIA who were subsequently diagnosed with a rare monogenic disease. All four patients shared the unifying features of presenting in early childhood and subsequently suffered with refractory disease, not amenable to usual standards of treatment. Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis Syndrome and Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome are non-inflammatory conditions and patients typically present with arthropathy, normal inflammatory markers and atypical radiological features. Blau syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition and patients will typically have symmetrical joint involvement with a strong family history of arthritis, signifying the genetic aetiology. Conclusions We share our learning from these cases to add to the growing portfolio of JIA mimics and to highlight when to consider an alternative diagnosis. In cases of refractory disease and diagnostic uncertainty further imaging and genetic testing can play a crucial role in establishing the aetiology. In all of these cases the correct diagnosis was made due to careful, longitudinal clinical phenotyping and a close working relationship between rheumatology, radiology and clinical genetics; highlighting the importance of the multidisciplinary team in managing complex patients. Keywords: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Mimics, Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome, Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome, Blau syndrome, Monogenic, Genetic syndromes

Objectives To estimate global, regional (21 regions) and national (187 countries) sodium intakes in adults in 1990 and 2010. Design Bayesian hierarchical modelling using all identifiable primary sources. Data sources and eligibility We searched and obtained published and unpublished data from 142 surveys of 24 h urinary sodium and 103 of dietary sodium conducted between 1980 and 2010 across 66 countries. Dietary estimates were converted to urine equivalents based on 79 pairs of dual measurements. Modelling methods Bayesian hierarchical modelling used survey data and their characteristics to estimate mean sodium intake, by sex, 5 years age group and associated uncertainty for persons aged 20+ in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010. Country-level covariates were national income/person and composition of food supplies. Main outcome measures Mean sodium intake (g/day) as estimable by 24 h urine collections, without adjustment for non-urinary losses. Results In 2010, global mean sodium intake was 3.95 g/day (95% uncertainty interval: 3.89 to 4.01). This was nearly twice the WHO recommended limit of 2 g/day and equivalent to 10.06 (9.88–10.21) g/day of salt. Intake in men was ∼10% higher than in women; differences by age were small. Intakes were highest in East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe (mean >4.2 g/day) and in Central Europe and Middle East/North Africa (3.9–4.2 g/day). Regional mean intakes in North America, Western Europe and Australia/New Zealand ranged from 3.4 to 3.8 g/day. Intakes were lower (<3.3 g/day), but more uncertain, in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Between 1990 and 2010, modest, but uncertain, increases in sodium intakes were identified. Conclusions Sodium intakes exceed the recommended levels in almost all countries with small differences by age and sex. Virtually all populations would benefit from sodium reduction, supported by enhanced surveillance.

This study investigated whether in preterm children who had ventricular dilatation (VD) on neonatal cranial ultrasound outcome at age 8 years was influenced by the additional presence of germinal matrix haemorrhage – intraventricular haemorrhage (GMH–IVH). Six-hundred and ninety-nine preterm infants (<33wks' gestation, mean 29.6wks [SD 2.1]) with either normal cranial ultrasound (n=616; 286 females, 330 males), or with VD with (n=66; 32 females, 34 males) or without (n=17; 4 females, 13 males) GMH–IVH were enrolled in the study. At age 8 years outcome was assessed in 567 (81%) of the 699 children by neurological examination, the Test of Motor Impairment (TOMI), the test of Visuo-Motor Integration (VMI), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children. Results showed that the proportion of children with disabling impairments was higher in the group with VD and GMH–IVH. Performance on TOMI and VMI (even in those without disabling impairments) was poorer in those with VD and GMH–IVH than in children with normal scans or those with VD only. Children with VD and GMH–IVH had significantly lower performance IQ than children with normal ultrasound, whereas those with VD only were not different from those with normal scans. Results suggest the presence of subtle white matter injury that has not been identified by neonatal cranial ultrasound. Although this study did not investigate biochemical markers of haemorrhage, we hypothesize that non-protein-bound iron is likely to be a contributing factor to white matter damage in preterm infants.

We conducted a search for technosignatures in April of 2018 and 2019 with the L-band receiver (1.15-1.73 GHz) of the 100 m diameter Green Bank Telescope. These observations focused on regions surrounding 31 Sun-like stars near the plane of the Galaxy. We present the results of our search for narrowband signals in this data set as well as improvements to our data processing pipeline. Specifically, we applied an improved candidate signal detection procedure that relies on the topographic prominence of the signal power, which nearly doubles the signal detection count of some previously analyzed data sets. We also improved the direction-of-origin filters that remove most radio frequency interference (RFI) to ensure that they uniquely link signals observed in separate scans. We performed a preliminary signal injection and recovery analysis to test the performance of our pipeline. We found that our pipeline recovers 93% of the injected signals over the usable frequency range of the receiver and 98% if we exclude regions with dense RFI. In this analysis, 99.73% of the recovered signals were correctly classified as technosignature candidates. Our improved data processing pipeline classified over 99.84% of the ~26 million signals detected in our data as RFI. Of the remaining candidates, 4539 were detected outside of known RFI frequency regions. The remaining candidates were visually inspected and verified to be of anthropogenic nature. Our search compares favorably to other recent searches in terms of end-to-end sensitivity, frequency drift rate coverage, and signal detection count per unit bandwidth per unit integration time.