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Criminology : a very short introduction
\"What do we mean by the term \"crime\"? Who commits crime and why do they do it? And what can we do about it? This [book] considers what we know about crime and criminality, and about historical trends and competing explanations for patterns of crime in the developed world.\"--Book flap.
Book
THE 2011 ENGLAND RIOTS IN RECENT HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The riots of 2011 arguably represent the most significant civil disorder on the British mainland in at least a generation. Over four days, there were five deaths, injuries to dozens of police officers and civilians and damage to property running into the tens of millions of pounds. Commentators writing in the aftermath of the riots have pointed both to what are taken to be unusual aspects of the 2011 disorders—the role of gangs, the nature and extent of looting and use of social media among others—as well as some of the parallels with previous riots. In placing the 2011 riots in their recent historical context, this article outlines a model for structuring comparative analysis of disorder and then moves on to consider some of the similarities between 2011 and riots in the post-war period, concluding by identifying four significant points of departure.
Journal Article
The Transformation of Policing? Understanding Current Trends in Policing Systems
This paper considers David Bayley and Clifford Shearing's (1996) argument that policing systems in developed economies are currently undergoing radical change. It is clear that a number of significant shifts have occurred including major reforms in public policing, and a substantial expansion of the private security industry. However, we question the degree to which current developments in policing should be interpreted as a sharp qualitative break with the past. By focusing primarily upon change the risk is that we overlook the significant consistencies and continuities that are equally important in understanding historical trends. We also question the extent to which the developments highlighted within this transformation thesis can be seen as global. We argue that the transformation thesis fails to take sufficient account of important differences between the nature and form of policing in North America, and of that in other countries such as Britain. We conclude by arguing that it is helpful to locate the set of changes within the framework of policing in a wider context. Thus, rather than view current developments as a fragmentation of policing, we see them as part of a long-term process of formalizaton of social control. The key development that appears to have taken place concerns shifts between what we term primary and secondary social control activities.
Journal Article
THREE STRIKES AND YOU'RE OUT: Exploring Symbol and Substance in American and British Crime Control Politics
Criminologists have become increasingly interested in the extent to which, and ways in which, criminal justice and penal policy ideas and innovations travel across national boundaries. A particular focus has been the apparent convergence of some aspects of crime control policy in the United States and the United Kingdom associated with policies such as 'zero tolerance' policing, youth curfews, the 'war on drugs', increased use of incarceration and the privatization of criminal justice agencies. This paper focuses upon the area of sentencing policy and, in particular, the emergence of so-called 'two' and 'three strikes' sentencing policies in the United States and the United Kingdom. The paper outlines the contrasting forms and variable impacts of these sentencing policies in different jurisdictions. In particular, it examines the relationship between symbolic and substantial dimensions of policy in contrasting jurisdictions, the degree to which differences are related to the strategic intentions of politicians and policy makers, and the mediating factors of varying legal and political institutions and cultures. The central argument of the paper is that in the context of the political institutions and cultures of some US states, the relationship between symbol and substance is much closer than is the case in other jurisdictions, not least that of the United Kingdom.
Journal Article
Criminal Justice and Political Cultures
As crime increasingly crosses national boundaries, and international co-operation takes firmer shape, so the development of ideas and policy on the control of crime has become an increasingly international and transnational affair. These developments call attention not just to the many points of convergence in the languages and practices of crime control but also to their persistent differences.
This book is concerned both with the very specific issue of 'policy transfer' within the crime control arena, and with the issues raised by a more broadly conceptualized idea of comparative policy analysis. The contributions in the book examine the different ways in which ostensibly similar vocabularies, policies and practices are taken up and applied in the distinct settings they encounter.
1. Criminal Justice and Political Cultures by Tim Newburn and Richard Sparks 2. Durkheim, Tarde and Beyond: The Global Travel of Crime Policies by Susanne Karstedt 3. Globalising Risk? Distinguishing Styles of 'Neoliberal' Criminal Justice in Australia and the USA by Pat O'Malley 4. Policing, Securitisation and Democratisation in Europe by lan Loader 5. The Cultural Embeddedness of Social Control: Reflections on a Comparison of Italian and North American Cultures Concerning Punishment by Dario Melossi 6. Controlling Measures: The Repackaging of Common-sense Opposition to Women's Imprisonment in England and Canada by Pat Carlen 7. The Convergence of US and UK Crime Control Policy: Exploring Substance and Process by Trevor Jones and Tim Newburn 8. Youth Justice: Globalisation and Multi-modal Governance by John Muncie 9. Importing Criminological Ideas in a New Democracy: Recent South African Experiences by Dirk van Zyl Smit and Elrena van der Spuy 10. Policy Transfer in Local Crime Control: Beyond Nave Emulation by Kevin Stenson and Adam Edwards 11. Containment, Quality of Life and Crime Reduction: Policy Transfers in the Policing of a Heroin Market by David Dixon and Lisa Maher
Tim Newburn is Professor of Criminology and Social Policy, and Head of the Social Policy Department at the London School of Economics, UK.
Richard Sparks is Professor of Criminology and Co-Director of the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, UK.
eBook
Understanding Transnational Policy Flows in Security and Justice
This article examines the contribution of scholarly work on ‘policy transfer’ and related concepts to our knowledge of how far, and in what ways, particular policy ‘models’ of security and justice travel across national boundaries, and what might explain this phenomenon. The article begins by summarizing the key findings of extant empirical studies of cross‐national policy movement in the fields of crime, security, and justice. It then considers the normative dimension to debates about policy transfer, observing that much of the literature adopts a pessimistic position about the problematic nature of international policy movement in security and justice, and discusses some of the reasons for such pessimism. The article then reflects on ways in which normative principles could be applied to considerations of prospective policy transfer, and the implications for the broader possibilities for ‘progressive’ policy transfer in relation to crime, security, and justice.
Journal Article
“Tough on Crime”: Penal Policy in England and Wales
Over the past quarter century crime and penal policy have come to occupy a central place in political and public debate. Declining faith in rehabilitative interventions has been accompanied by an increasingly harsh form of penal populism that emphasizes the general deterrent and incapacitation effects of imprisonment and has disparaged welfare‐oriented approaches as being “soft on crime.” One consequence is a significant increase in the use of imprisonment—making England and Wales the highest incarcerator in western Europe. Although the last decade has seen substantial drops in overall levels of crime, this is not reflected in public opinion, which continues to believe that crime and disorderliness are rising. The shift toward a more punitive and populist penal politics has been visible since the early to mid‐1990s. From around 1993/94 both main political parties became joined in a contest to present themselves astougheron law and order. This occurred just as crime was peaking and beginning its downward path. The consequence has been a proliferation of crime‐oriented legislation, the broadening of the agenda to “antisocial behavior,” and a rapid and sustained rise in the number of people incarcerated.
Journal Article
Dealing with Disaffection
In recent years increasing attention has been paid to issues of social exclusion and the problematic transition from youthful dependence to adult independence. Often this has had severe consequences, ranging from under achievement and disruptive behaviour in school, through the misuse of alcohol and drugs, to serious or persistent offending. Seeking to address these issues has become a major focus of public policy and a variety of forms of intervention with disaffected youth have been set up.
One of the most talked about forms of intervention with disaffected youth has been 'mentoring'. This book, based on a large-scale research study, examines the lives of a large group of 'disaffected' young people, and considers the impact that involvement in a mentoring programme had on them. In doing so it fills a large gap, providing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of mentoring programmes, providing at the same time a vivid insight into the nature of such disaffection, the realities of contemporary social exclusion among young people and the experience and outcome of mentoring.
eBook
Dealing with Disaffection
In recent years increasing attention has been paid to issues of social exclusion and the problematic transition from youthful dependence to adult independence. Often this has had severe consequences, ranging from under achievement and disruptive behaviour in school, through the misuse of alcohol and drugs, to serious or persistent offending. Seeking to address these issues has become a major focus of public policy and a variety of forms of intervention with disaffected youth have been set up.
One of the most talked about forms of intervention with disaffected youth has been 'mentoring'. This book, based on a large-scale research study, examines the lives of a large group of 'disaffected' young people, and considers the impact that involvement in a mentoring programme had on them. In doing so it fills a large gap, providing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of mentoring programmes, providing at the same time a vivid insight into the nature of such disaffection, the realities of contemporary social exclusion among young people and the experience and outcome of mentoring.
1. Introduction 2. Youth disaffection 3. Youth transitions and the meaning of disaffection 4. Young people and mentoring 5. Mentoring plus 6. Mentoring plus and youthful exclusion 7. Mentoring in practice 8. Impact of the programme 9. Understanding change 10. Conclusion: youth disaffection, mentoring and social inclusion
'A very important and illuminating evaluation of a British mentoring programme ... of great interest to all criminologists and researchers on youth problems.' − David Farrington, University of Cambridge, UK
'This is an important work, one whose dual focus (programme and evaluation) will no doubt resonate with practitioners and Criminologists alike.' − Bryan Hogeveen, University of Alberta, Canada
Tim Newburn is Professor of Criminology and Director of the Mannheim Centre, London School of Economics, former President of the British Society of Criminology and an experienced and prolific author.
Michael Shiner is a Senior Research Fellow in the Mannheim Centre for Criminology at the London School of Economics.
Tara Young is a Senior Research Fellow in the Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, London Metropolitan University.
eBook