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Wearables developed for human body signal detection receive increasing attention in the current decade. Compared to implantable sensors, wearables are more focused on body motion detection, which can support human–machine interaction (HMI) and biomedical applications. In wearables, electromyography (EMG)-, force myography (FMG)-, and electrical impedance tomography (EIT)-based body information monitoring technologies are broadly presented. In the literature, all of them have been adopted for many similar application scenarios, which easily confuses researchers when they start to explore the area. Hence, in this article, we review the three technologies in detail, from basics including working principles, device architectures, interpretation algorithms, application examples, merits and drawbacks, to state-of-the-art works, challenges remaining to be solved and the outlook of the field. We believe the content in this paper could help readers create a whole image of designing and applying the three technologies in relevant scenarios.

The family plays an immensely crucial role in the development of adolescents, significantly influencing their behavioral patterns. To explore the impact mechanism of the parental mediation (active mediation, restrictive mediation, and parental monitoring) on adolescents’ smartphone addiction, and analyze the chain-mediating role of basic psychological needs and fear of missing out (FoMO). Parental Mediation Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scale and Fear of Missing Out Scale were administered to 5,841 adolescents. The sample comprised 2,772 boys (47.46%) and 3,069 girls (52.54%) with an age range of 11.5 to 15.3 years (M = 13.35, SD = 1.29). The results indicated that active mediation could negatively predict adolescents’ smartphone addiction, whereas restrictive mediation and parental monitoring could positively predict adolescents’ smartphone addiction; and after controlling for sex and age, basic psychological needs had a separate mediating effect on parental mediation and smartphone addiction. Moreover, this study observed a chained mediating effect between basic psychological needs and FoMO on the relationship between parental mediation and smartphone addiction. Meanwhile, FoMO did not have a mediating effect on the relationship between parental mediation and smartphone addiction. Based on social cognitive theory and self-determination theory, this study innovatively integrates parental mediation, adolescents’ basic psychological needs, fear of missing out, and smartphone addiction into a coherent model. More importantly, it separately examines the effects of active mediation, restrictive mediation, and parental monitoring within the same group of participants, allowing for a cross-comparison of the three types of parental mediation in the study. This provides a theoretical reference for reducing adolescents’ smartphone addiction.

ObjectiveTo better understand the origins, manifestations and current policy responses to patient–physician mistrust in China.DesignQualitative study using in-depth interviews focused on personal experiences of patient–physician mistrust and trust.SettingGuangdong Province, China.ParticipantsOne hundred and sixty patients, patient family members, physicians, nurses and hospital administrators at seven hospitals varying in type, geography and stages of achieving goals of health reform. These interviews included purposive selection of individuals who had experienced both trustful and mistrustful patient–physician relationships.ResultsOne of the most prominent forces driving patient–physician mistrust was a patient perception of injustice within the medical sphere, related to profit mongering, knowledge imbalances and physician conflicts of interest. Individual physicians, departments and hospitals were explicitly incentivised to generate revenue without evaluation of caregiving. Physicians did not receive training in negotiating medical disputes or humanistic principles that underpin caregiving. Patient–physician mistrust precipitated medical disputes leading to the following outcomes: non-resolution with patient resentment towards physicians; violent resolution such as physical and verbal attacks against physicians; and non-violent resolution such as hospital-mediated dispute resolution. Policy responses to violence included increased hospital security forces, which inadvertently fuelled mistrust. Instead of encouraging communication that facilitated resolution, medical disputes sometimes ignited a vicious cycle leading to mob violence. However, patient–physician interactions at one hospital that has implemented a primary care model embodying health reform goals showed improved patient–physician trust.ConclusionsThe blind pursuit of financial profits at a systems level has eroded patient–physician trust in China. Restructuring incentives, reforming medical education and promoting caregiving are pathways towards restoring trust. Assessing and valuing the quality of caregiving is essential for transitioning away from entrenched profit-focused models. Moral, in addition to regulatory and legal, responses are urgently needed to restore trust.

The flavonoid naringenin is abundantly present in pomelo peels, and the unprocessed naringenin in wastes is not friendly for the environment once discarded directly. Fortunately, the hydroxylated product of eriodictyol from naringenin exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anticancer properties. The P450s was suggested promising for the bioconversion of the flavonoids, but less naturally existed P450s show hydroxylation activity to C3′ of the naringenin. By well analyzing the catalytic mechanism and the conformations of the naringenin in P450, we proposed that the intermediate Cmpd I ((porphyrin)Fe = O) is more reasonable as key conformation for the hydrolyzation, and the distance between C3′/C5′ of naringenin to the O atom of CmpdI determines the hydroxylating activity for the naringenin. Thus, the “flying kite model” that gradually drags the C-H bond of the substrate to the O atom of CmpdI was put forward for rational design. With ab initio design, we successfully endowed the self-sufficient P450-BM3 hydroxylic activity to naringenin and obtained mutant M5-5, with k cat , K m , and k cat / K m values of 230.45 min −1 , 310.48 µM, and 0.742 min −1  µM −1 , respectively. Furthermore, the mutant M4186 was screened with k cat / K m of 4.28-fold highly improved than the reported M13. The M4186 also exhibited 62.57% yield of eriodictyol, more suitable for the industrial application. This study provided a theoretical guide for the rational design of P450s to the nonnative compounds. Key points • The compound I is proposed as the starting point for the rational design of the P450BM3 • “Flying kite model” is proposed based on the distance between O of Cmpd I and C3′/C5′ of naringenin • Mutant M15-5 with 1.6-fold of activity than M13 was obtained by ab initio modification Graphical abstract

The EEG signals not only contain temporal information but also spatial information from the electrode positions in different brain regions. However, due to the low spatial resolution of EEG and individual variability, extracting both temporal and spatial information from multi-channel time-series EEG signals and constructing a corresponding feature extraction model is crucial for emotion decoding in EEG signals. Effectively extracting spatial and electrode position-related information from multi-channel time series EEG data is a critical and challenging aspect of EEG emotion decoding. Based on this, this paper proposes an emotion recognition algorithm based on EEG spatial tensor projection transformation and an improved 3D CNN model. According to the international 10–20 system, the preprocessed 32-channel EEG data is mapped to a 9 × 9 matrix corresponding to the electrode positions, Transforming multi-channel EEG data into a three-dimensional topological structure helps capture the spatio-temporal features of EEG signals. Considering the emotional response mechanisms of different brain regions and the multi-channel and spatial characteristics of EEG signals, we introduce a channel spatio-temporal joint attention mechanism and embed it into the deep convolutional network structure built with residual blocks, achieving an improved 3D CNN model. The deep convolutional network structure can explore finer, more subtle EEG signal features, enhancing the model's feature extraction capability. The channel spatio-temporal joint attention mechanism can explore emotional feature information from multi-channel EEG across different brain regions to highlight important EEG channels, as well as capture crucial spatial feature information in long-sequence signals. The method achieved an accuracy of 98.39% on the four-class emotion classification task in the DEAP dataset and 98.95% and 98.26% on the valence and arousal binary classification tasks, respectively. In the DREAMER dataset, the accuracy for the valence and arousal binary classification tasks reached 92.28% and 93.45%, respectively. We also conducted ablation studies to investigate the contribution of each module. The experimental result demonstrate that the EEG spatial–temporal projection transformation combined with the channel–spatial–temporal attention-based Res-3DCNN model can effectively extract emotional EEG features, achieving excellent EEG decoding performance.

At present, range-free localization algorithm is the mainstream of node localization method, which has made tremendous achievements. However, there are few algorithms that can be used in concave regions, and the existing algorithms have defects such as hop distance error, excessive time complexity and so on. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a two-stage PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm for wireless sensor nodes localization in “concave regions”. In the first stage, it proposes a method of distance measuring based on similar path search and intersection ratio, and completes the initial localization of unknown nodes based on maximum likelihood estimation. In the second stage, the improved PSO algorithm is used to optimize the initial localization results in the previous stage. The experimental result shows that the localization error of this algorithm is always within 10% and the execution time is maintained at about 20 s when the communication radius and beacon node ratio is changing. Therefore, the algorithm can obtain high localization accuracy in wireless sensor network with “concave regions”, requiring low computing power for nodes, and energy consumption. Given this, it can greatly extend the service life of sensor nodes.

The common wheat line 4N0461 showed adult-plant resistance to leaf rust. 4N0461 was crossed with susceptible cultivars Nongda4503 and Shi4185 to map the causal resistance gene(s). Segregation of leaf rust response in F 2 populations from both crosses was 9 resistant:7 susceptible, indicative of two complementary dominant resistance genes. The genes were located on chromosome arms 3BS and 4BL and temporarily named LrN3B and LrN4B , respectively. Subpopulations from 4N0461 × Nongda4503 with LrN3B segregating as a single allele were used to fine-map LrN3B locus. LrN3B was delineated in a genetic interval of 0.07 cM, corresponding to 106 kb based on the Chinese Spring reference genome (IWGSC RefSeq v1.1). Four genes were annotated in this region, among which TraesCS3B02G014800 and TraesCS3B02G014900 differed between resistant and susceptible genotypes, and both were required for LrN3B resistance in virus-induced gene silencing experiments. Diagnostic markers developed for checking the polymorphism of each candidate gene, can be used for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.

We investigated the physiological response and compensation mechanism of Lagerstroemia indica seedlings under drought stress and rewatering to provide a reference for the study of drought tolerance mechanisms. In this study, we compared and analyzed the changes in 10 physiological indices of L. indica seedlings after the drought stress (for 30 days) and rewatering (for 7, 14, and 21 days) treatment and conducted a principal component analysis. With the intensification of drought stress, the relative water content of L. indica seedlings decreased, whereas the carotenoid, proline, and soluble protein contents and relative electrical conductivity increased. The chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities initially increased but subsequently decreased. The malondialdehyde content varied, with an initial increase, subsequent decrease, and final increase. After rewatering, all physiological indicators, except for malondialdehyde, quickly recovered to the levels of the control seedlings; among them, proline, soluble protein contents, and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities produced an overcompensation or compensation effect. However, the most sensitive physiological indices of L. indica seedlings to drought stress and rewatering were soluble sugar, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, and proline. In the complex process of responding to drought stress and rewatering, L. indica seedlings could effectively regulate the soluble sugar, chlorophyll, and proline contents in vivo to actively respond to drought. When the degree of drought stress did not exceed the tolerance threshold of L. indica seedlings, it could even produce a compensation or overcompensation effect after rewatering, showing their resilience and adaptability.