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Background Understanding the adaptive strategies of plants to phosphorus (P) deficiency, particularly the plasticity of structural and physiological responses, is crucial for predicting plant growth. Our study aimed to investigate the growth, root morphological and resistance trait responses of Pinus massoniana seedlings under a fact-based low-P range. Methods A P manipulation experiment (0–9.299 mg·kg −1 ) was carried out to measure biomass, root morphological and resistance traits of P. massoniana seedlings. Results The root to shoot biomass ratio changed, however, the belowground biomass did not change in response to decreased P content of the growing substrate. Seedlings extended fine roots (0–2 mm in length) thus increased root surface area to enhance P uptake. The length of coarse root (> 5 mm) and root average diameter increased with P addition. A strong response was found in root resistance traits, which also exhibited higher plasticity and made greater contributions to growth. Antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde content, acid phosphatase activity, and organic acid content all decreased with P addition, but root vigor showed a more sensitive response, making it a potentially informative indicator for changes in P conditions. Conclusion Physiological traits related to root resistance were more sensitive and important in plant growth regulation, while root morphological traits showed different adaptative strategies among root classes to regulate biomass and absorptive function. The combined effects of morphological and resistance traits alleviate the limitation of P on plant growth. Our findings will provide insights into the adaptive strategies of plantation growing in subtropical regions under limiting nutrient environment.

Background The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse adulthood experiences (AAEs) and their association with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been extensively studied. Considering social support, we evaluated the complex relations of ACEs and AAEs with incident CVD. Methods This prospective cohort study used data from the 2014 life course survey and the 2015 and 2018 surveys of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a national survey of Chinese adults aged ≥ 45 years from 28 provinces across China. The study population included 5836 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.59 [8.22] years, 49.7% were males). Information on ACEs, AAEs, young adulthood social support, health behavior factors, health status factors, and demographics was measured. Cox regression models, the difference method to estimate the mediation proportion, and the additive and multiplicative interactions were performed. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results During follow-up, 789 incident cases of CVD occurred. The fully adjusted model, including demographics, health behaviors, health status factors (e.g., depressive symptoms), and social support as control variables, demonstrated that the overall number of ACEs (Hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.14) and AAEs (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.22) were associated with an increased risk of incident CVD. A dose–response relationship existed between the number of ACEs or AAEs and incident CVD risk. The overall AAEs were found to mediate 17.7% (95% CI: 8.2 to 34.2%) of the association between ACEs and incident CVD. Moreover, a significant additive interaction between ACEs and AAEs was detected (RERI [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.09 to 0.56]). Compared with adults without exposure to both ACE and AAE, those with exposure to both at least one ACE and one AAE indicator had the highest risk of incident CVD (HR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.72 to 2.23). Conclusions Exposure to ACEs or AAEs was independently associated with an increased risk of incident CVD among Chinese middle-aged and older adults in a dose–response manner, and the overall AAEs partially mediated the association between ACEs and incident CVD. Preventive measures aimed at addressing either ACEs or AAEs alone may not significantly reduce the risk of CVD later in life. The necessity of a comprehensive life-course health strategy targeting the prevention of adversity merits increased attention.

Climate change alters climatic factors, which in turn affect the suitability of crops to grow. Winter wheat is a major crop in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei region of China. To assess the climate factors on winter wheat production, the meteorological data (temperature, precipitation, sunshine, etc.) from 25 stations in the target region the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China from 1961 to 2010, the winter wheat yield data from 1978 to 2010, and the growth stages were used. A model of the suitability of light, temperature, and water was subsequently developed to quantitatively analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the suitability of the winter wheat to the climate of the region. Temperature suitability was high during the sowing and grouting periods (temperature suitability peaks at 0.941 during grouting) and lowest in the rejuvenation period. In terms of spatial distribution, it is strong in the south and low in the north, and it exhibits a gradual increase in interannual variation. Precipitation suitability fluctuates steadily, with a peak in the tillering stage and a trough in the jointing stage. In terms of spatial distribution, it is highest in the northeast and decreases in the west; in inter-annual changes, it fluctuates strongly with weak overall growth. Sunshine suitability is stable at 0.9 or above. In spatial distribution, it is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, and it decreases slowly in the interannual variations. The trend of climatic suitability is consistent with temperature and precipitation, showing a pattern of falling first and then rising. In terms of spatial distribution, the overall climate suitability is high in the south and low in the north. In inter-annual changes, climate suitability generally increases slowly. Temperature and precipitation are key factors. Moisture stress became the most important factor for winter wheat cultivation in the region. Sunshine conditions are typically sufficient. This study provides a theoretical basis for a rational layout of winter wheat growing areas in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the full utilization of climatic resources.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) in infants with ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).MethodsInfants with moderate-to-severe ABO HDN during early neonatal period (<7 days) at our hospital in 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Patients treated with IVIG and phototherapy were classified as the IVIG group, and those who only received phototherapy were classified as the phototherapy only group.ResultsForty-six patients were classified into the IVIG group and 68 other patients were classified into the phototherapy only group. There was no significant difference in duration of phototherapy, hospitalization periods, needs for exchange transfusion, transfusions, and incidence of bilirubin-induced neurological sequelae between these two groups (P = 0.20, 0.27, 0.65, 0.47, 0.78, respectively).ConclusionIt seems unnecessary to expose neonates to IVIG in moderate-to-severe ABO HDN when the available data show no appreciable benefits.

Background A high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is reported in children born extremely preterm (EP), but an even larger proportion of survivors are affected by subclinical difficulties than meet diagnostic criteria. The aims of this study were to investigate autistic traits associated with the broader autism phenotype in a cohort of young adults born EP, and explore how these traits relate to emotion recognition, empathy and autism symptom presentation in childhood. The prevalence of autism diagnoses was also investigated. Methods One hundred and twenty-nine young adults born before 26 weeks of gestation and 65 term-born controls participated in the 19-year follow-up phase of the EPICure studies. In addition to a clinical interview, participants completed the Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), the Empathy Quotient questionnaire, and the Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) was completed by the participants’ parents at age 11 years. Results EP born young adults scored significantly higher on the BAPQ in comparison with their term-born peers, indicating greater autistic traits. Among EP participants, BAPQ scores were correlated with SCQ scores in childhood ( r  = 0.484, p  < 0.001). EP young adults had significantly lower scores in emotion recognition and empathy in comparison with controls; however, this effect was mediated by IQ. At 19 years, a diagnosis of autism was reported by 10% of EP participants versus 1.6% of controls, whereas 31% of EP participants scored above the cut-off for the broader autism phenotype in comparison with 8.5% of term-born controls. Limitations The high attrition of EP participants from lower socio-economic backgrounds and with lower cognitive functioning may have led to an underrepresentation of those presenting with difficulties associated with autism. Conclusions A larger proportion of EP survivors are affected by difficulties associated with autism than have confirmed diagnoses, with a moderate correlation between autism symptom scores in childhood and autistic traits in young adulthood. EP young adults had significantly higher autism symptom scores and a larger proportion had a diagnosis of autism than controls. Screening for autistic traits at set points throughout childhood will help identify those EP individuals at risk of social difficulties who may benefit from intervention.

Background Delivery mode has been linked to child health, e.g., allergic disease. However, it remains unclear whether protein and metabolite differences across different delivery modes may underlie child development. Methods A cohort comprising 16 spontaneous onset vaginal delivery (VD), 16 prelabor cesarean delivery on maternal request (CS), and 8 intrapartum cesarean section (Intra_CS) women were analyzed using label-free proteomic and untargeted metabolomics assays on amniotic fluid and cord blood samples, respectively. We used weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) to identify modules of highly correlated proteins or metabolites that associated with delivery modes and related clinical traits. KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the biological function of the identified modules. Integrative multiomics analysis was employed to examine the biological interplay between proteomic and metabolic interactions. Results Compared to the CS group, the proteomic and metabolomic profiles were similar between the Intra_CS and VD groups in our study. We did not identify any enriched protein or metabolite pathways related to immune development that could influence the risk of allergic diseases in offspring across different delivery modes. However, we identified seven protein modules correlated with the duration from the rupture of the membranes to full dilation of the cervix, with the actin cytoskeleton module significantly enriched. A metabolic module in cord blood that correlated with VD was enriched in subclasses including C21 steroids, steroid sulfates, and oxysterols. Integrative analysis of proteomic and metabolomic data suggested pathways related to mode of delivery and duration of labor, encompassing the actin cytoskeleton, NADP metabolic process, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism in amniotic fluid, and the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway in cord blood. Conclusions Differences in steroid hormones and the actin cytoskeleton pathway according to proteomics and metabolomics in amniotic fluid and cord blood were more indicative of the labor process. These findings could guide future studies on delivery-associated biochemical pathways.

No formal child protection system exists in China, and redress can be made only through the legal system. Consequently, all forms of child maltreatment are massively under-reported. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of child maltreatment in China and attitudes towards physical punishment by exploring the experiences of young adults. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1255 college students in three colleges in Zhejiang province. A self-administered questionnaire, based on Conflict Tactics Scale—Parent Child and International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool, was developed to measure childhood (younger than 18 years) experience of different forms of maltreatment, including physical maltreatment, psychological aggression, and sexual abuse, and attitudes towards discipline. All participants gave informed consent. The study was approved by Zhejiang University Ethics Board. Data was analysed in SPSS 22.0. Participants were aged 17–26 years; 640 (51%) were female, 733 (59%) were from rural areas, and 506 (41%) were from urban areas, with 167 (13%) from self-reported high-income backgrounds, 824 (67%) from middle-income backgrounds, and 246 (20%) from low-income backgrounds (some participants did not provide data for residence and family income background). 1014 (81%) had experienced physical maltreatment, 1026 (82%) psychological aggression, and 170 (14%) sexual abuse. Most common forms of maltreatment by parents were hitting or punching (54%), hitting with implements (29%), threatening to spank without doing it actually (29%), insulting (22%), and forcing to stand or kneel in a humiliating or painful way (19%). 473 (38%) were forced to stand or kneel, and 406 (32%) were insulted by teachers. Among college students who experienced physical maltreatment, 763 (75%) thought that it was necessary for good discipline and thus justified. 364 (43%) of 842 thought hitting and punching were not harmful, with 161 (35%) of 464 saying that the use of implements, 137 (39%) of 350 saying that kicking, and 257 (40%) of 644 reporting that being forced to stand or kneel were not harmful. However, experience of psychological aggression was widely perceived as harmful; 544 (89%) of 614 who were insulted, 60 (78%) of 77 who were told they were not loved, 92 (80%) of 115 who wished they were dead, and 118 (67%) of 177 threatened with abandonment felt that such verbal maltreatment had caused short-term and long-term harm. Child maltreatment is common in China. However, experience of psychological aggression was perceived to be more harmful than physical maltreatment, which has important implications for parenting advice and should help to inform the nascent development of a child protection system in China. China Scholar Council (CSC) and Universities' China Committee in London (UCCL).

Investigating the mechanisms by which plants adapt to low phosphorus content in ecosystems is crucial for nutrient dynamics division. Our study investigated the growth adaptation strategies of Pinus massoniana seedlings to low phosphorus conditions, including nutrient and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) allocation, nutrient stoichiometry, and changes in nutrient resorption efficiency along a fact-based gradient. Our results showed that the total biomass and aboveground biomass proportion increased with substrate phosphorus content, reaching maximum biomass in the one-time phosphorus treatment. The nutrient concentration of components remained relatively stable, with the allocating preference to roots and needles under low phosphorus conditions. NSC was allocated as starch in fine roots and as soluble sugar in needles. Seedlings did not show signs of phosphorus limitation, even in the non-phosphorus group. The nitrogen resorption efficiency to phosphorus resorption efficiency ratio (NRE: PRE) of needles significantly varied between the high and low phosphorus treatments. In response to phosphorus deficiency, seedlings demonstrated homeostatic adjustments to maintain the relative stability of nutrient concentration. Fine roots and needles were prioritized to ensure nutrient uptake and photosynthetic product production. Additionally, it was necessary to differentiate the indicative function of nitrogen/phosphorus for various species and components, and NRE: PRE potentially provides a sensitive indicator of nutrient limitation status.

By the end of 2022, an estimated 108.4 million individuals worldwide experienced forced displacement. Identifying modifiable factors associated with the mental illness of refugees is crucial for promoting successful integration and developing effective health policies. This study aims to examine the associations between the changes in the diversity of social participation and psychological distress among refugees throughout the resettlement process, specifically focusing on gender differences. Utilizing data from three waves of a longitudinal, nationally representative cohort study conducted in Australia, this study involved 2399 refugees interviewed during Wave 1, 1894 individuals interviewed during Wave 3 and 1881 respondents during Wave 5. At each wave, we assessed psychological distress and 10 types of social participation across 3 distinct dimensions, including social activities, employment and education. The primary analysis employed mixed linear models and time-varying Cox models. Gender-stratified analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. Refugees engaging in one type or two or more types of social participation, compared with those not engaging in any, consistently had lower psychological distress scores ( = -0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.07 to -0.17] for one type of social participation; = -0.57 [95% CI, -1.04 to -0.10] for two or more types of social participation) and a reduced risk of experiencing psychological distress (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81 [95% CI, 0.65-0.99] for one type of social participation; HR = 0.77 [95% CI, 0.61-0.97] for two or more types of social participation) during the resettlement period. When stratifying the results by gender, these associations in the adjusted models only remained significant in male refugees. Moreover, three specific types of social participation, namely sporting activities, leisure activities and current employment status, were most prominently associated with a reduced risk of psychological distress. The findings of this cohort study suggest that social participation was consistently associated with reduced risks of psychological distress among male refugees during resettlement. These findings highlight the significance of promoting meaningful social participation and interaction may be an effective strategy to improve the mental health of refugees and facilitate their successful integration into society, especially among male refugees.

The association between childhood bullying victimisation and mental health problems in adulthood has been consistently reported in the literature. Previous studies used both retrospective and prospective reports to measure bullying victimisation. However, there could be biases in both reports. We aimed to assess agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of childhood bullying victimisation, to compare their associations with mental health in early adulthood, and to examine the associations of consistent prospectively and retrospectively reported bullying victimisation with adult mental health. Data were from the prospective Bavarian Longitudinal Study of neonatal at-risk children and term-born controls recruited at birth. 489 participants were followed from birth to age 26 (mean [SD]: 26.4 [0.8] years). Adult mental health was assessed using both the Achenbach Young Adult Self-Report (YSR) and standardised diagnostic interviews. Childhood bullying victimisation was prospectively reported by participants and parents at age 13 and retrospectively self-reported at age 26. We showed that the agreement between retrospective and prospective self-reports of bullying victimisation was fair (Kappa 0.30) with only slight agreement (Kappa 0.18) when compared with prospective parent-reports. Both prospectively and retrospectively self-reported bullying victimisation was associated with poor mental health. Retrospective reports tended to produce stronger associations. Participants who reported being bullied both retrospectively and prospectively had a particularly elevated risk for mental health problems. In conclusion, prospective and retrospective reports capture partly different individuals with exposure to bullying victimisation. Exposure to bullying victimisation, whether it was retrospectively or prospectively self-reported, was associated with an increased risk for mental health problems.