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Recurrent bleeding in the synovial joint, such as the knee, can give rise to chronic synovitis and degenerative arthritis, which are major causes of morbidity. Whereas chronic arthropathy affects one-fifth of hemophiliacs, conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), periarticular and articular fractures, osteochondral autograft transplantation surgery, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are also associated with joint bleeding. Synovial joint trauma is associated with inflammation, acute pain, bloody joint effusion, and knee instability. Clinically, some physicians have advocated for blood aspiration from the joint post-injury to mitigate the harmful effects of bleeding. Despite the significant potential clinical impact of joint bleeding, the mechanism(s) by which joint bleeding, acute or microbleeds, leads to deleterious changes to the synovial joint remains understudied. This review will address the impact of blood on synovial joint tissues observed from in vitro and in vivo studies. While the deleterious effects of blood on cartilage and synovium are well-described, there are much fewer reports describing the negative effects of blood on the meniscus, cruciate ligaments, and subchondral bone. Based on our studies of blood in co-culture with chondrocytes/cartilage, we raise the possibility that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, nonapoptotic form of regulated cell death, plays a contributing role in mediating hemophilic arthropathy (HA) and may represent a therapeutic target in reducing the negative impact of joint bleeds.

Immigration of Danes and Icelanders to Michigan began in the 1850s and continued well into the twentieth century. Beginning with their origins, this book takes a detailed look at their arrival and settlement in Michigan, answering some key questions: What brought Danes and Icelanders to Michigan? What challenges did they face? How did they adjust and survive here? Where did they settle? What kind of lasting impact have they had on Michigan's economic and cultural landscape? Extensively researched, this book examines the public and private lives of Danish and Icelandic immigrants in Michigan, drawing from both individual and institutional histories. Shedding new light on the livelihood, traditions, religion, social life, civic organizations, and mutual benefit societies, this thorough, insightful book highlights a small but important population within Michigan's borders.

I. California experience illustrates theoretical and practical difficulties of minimum rate regulation, 139. — II. Description of California's system of controlling minimum rates of intrastate carriers, 140. — III. Analysis of the effects of this policy, 144. — IV. Some fundamental objections to comprehensive systems of minimum rate control, 148.

Part of an investigation of data collection methods in epidemiologic studies of farmers evaluated exposures received by farmers from the application of insecticides to animals. Twenty farmers were monitored during a normal application using a fluorescent dye surrogate for the active ingredient (AI). Two exposure measures were estimated, AI concentration and the time-weighted average for the application period (TWA a ). Four application methods were used: high- (n=5) and low-pressure (n=3) spraying, backpack (n=2) and pour-on (n=10). The two farmers using a backpack sprayer had nondetectable levels of dye. Only two of the farmers using the pour-on method had detectable dye levels, but these levels were high. All of the low- and high-pressure sprayers had detectable amounts of dye. Multiple layers of clothing, gloves, and boots (n=10) were associated with a low mean AI concentration for the exposed farmers (18 µg) and more than two-thirds of the farmers wearing this amount of clothing had nondetectable exposures. In contrast, clothing providing little or no protection was associated with a significantly higher (p<0.01) average AI concentration (4420 µg), and less than a third of the farmers with this degree of protection had nondetectable exposures. Poor work practices (leaking equipment, contact with wet animals or fences, and back splash) were associated with statistically higher exposure levels (p<0.01) than the absence of such practices. There was a moderate statistically significant association between AI concentration and TWA a with total volume of the AI/dye/water mixture using the Spearman coefficient. Time was significantly inversely proportional to the two exposure measures. The association between the two exposure measures and AI volume was not significant.

The construction of copyright law can be causally explained by two possible types of explanation: dialectical explanations and material explanations. I argue that an adequate causal description of the copyright discourses of Western legal systems must incorporate a material explanation in order to account for many of the general and particular characteristics of the evolution of copyright. As a vast variety of contingent and interactive social and technical conditions have caused the evolution of copyright, we should expect a plausible material explanation to be multifaceted and multi-layered. However, in addition to providing a causal sociohistorical description, a good legal explanation should also seek to include a normative account detailing the moral grounds of the law, or lack thereof. Dialectical explanations can be teleological: they can presuppose that the law is directed towards a perfect legal state and that it is essentially guided by a set of moral ideals. Material explanations, on the other hand, are essentially non-normative and do not explicitly address moral questions. But this does not entail the elimination of moral considerations from material explanations. As I aim to show, we should not address the moral and sociohistorical elements of copyright legal discourses independently because they are causally connected: moral justifications have been rhetorically used by social actors to influence lawmaking processes, and conversely, changes in technical conditions have given rise to sociotechnical formations that enable and structure the norms of copyright. Given this, I propose that lawmakers should adjudicate and legislate from a broad and flexible standpoint. They should not attempt to merely apply old principles to new problems, but should comprehend new moral norms introduced by new conditions, and balance them against the older, more established principles enshrined in traditional intellectual property theories.

The southern Indiana hill country represents a microcosm of social, economic, and political development in the Ohio River Valley. Settlers increasingly arrived in the region after the War of 1812. They were largely old Mid Atlantic families acculturated in the upland South. Subsequent generations migrated west through Cumberland Gap and onward to the Ohio River Valley hill country where they appropriated land. Many migrants remained in the communities for only a brief period of time. Yet, a core of permanent residents, persisters, acquired legal title to land and gained social, economic, and political status and prestige. The hill country communities were part of a cohesive society. Both prosperous persisters and their lesser neighbors enjoyed economic security from the open range raising of swine. The social, economic, and political structure of the southern Indiana hill country changed in the postbellum period. New state fencing law defined that owners of swine were responsible for the confinement of their property. Simultaneously, higher market prices for both grains and timber encouraged farmers to change their agricultural enterprises. Subsequent generations planted more grain crops, and cut timber from the ridge lands. The immediate result was increased wealth for leading persister families that distanced them from their lesser neighbors. Prominent individuals identified with Republican political goals. Socio-economic and political tension mounted to the point that vigilante violence became a routine part of postbellum society. Depressed late nineteenth century agricultural prices and soil erosion forced many families to abandon their farms and to migrate onward. In one particular community, the Bean Blossom-Salt Creek Valley, tourism became the only alternative to continued economic stagnation. Promotion of the new economy failed to unify the community. It remained deeply divided in the third decade of the twentieth century. Current scholarship suggests that tension between persisters and their lesser neighbors was an integral part of community life in the nineteenth century Middle West. This study suggests that conflict was especially pronounced in the Ohio River Valley hill country, and that events in the region served to foreshadow social, economic, and political occurrences in other regions, especially the Appalachian Mountain communities.