Explore the vast range of titles available.

يتناول كتاب \"التسامح بين شرق وغرب : دراسات في التعايش والقبول بالآخر\" والذي قام بتأليفه \"سمير الخليل\" وترجمه \"إبراهيم العريس\" في حوالي (127) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (التسامح بين الشرق والغرب)،اعتبار التسامح في البلدان الديمقراطية أمرا مسلما به، إذ ينظر إلى الفرد مهما اختلف شكلا وسلوكا ولغة، بعين القبول، كما يتوقع منه أن يفعل الشيء نفسه. فإذا ظهر أي ضغط يهدد بتغيير هذا الموقف، اعتبر الأمر خرقا ينطوي على تدمير لحرية الفرد. فنحن نتسامح مع الآخرين ونقبل ما يفعلونه، ما دام إن ذلك لا يرتب أضرارا تصيب المجتمع وأفراده. ذلك إن الاختلاف لا يخلق موقفا يقود إلى التعصب والتقوقع، أما التسامح فمسؤولية حضارية وواحد من حقوق الإنسان. ولئن أدى التقوقع إلى الحؤول دون الاندماج في المجتمع الغريب، يبقى لافتا للنظر أن تخلو الثقافة العربية، السياسي منها والاجتماعي، من مقولة التسامح كلمة وممارسة. لقد لعبت الأيديولوجيات النضالية والقيم السلفية أدوارها في طرد التسامح من حياتنا وثقافتنا. هذا الكتاب يطل على مسألة في العالم الغربي وعند العرب سواء بسواء.

In this report regarding an MF59-adjuvanted 2009 H1N1 monovalent vaccine, significant immune responses were elicited by the administration of one or two doses of vaccine (with or without the MF59 adjuvant) in most subjects within 2 to 3 weeks. Higher titers were seen in subjects who received the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. In this report regarding a monovalent MF59-adjuvanted 2009 H1N1 vaccine, significant immune responses were elicited by the administration of one or two doses of vaccine (with or without the MF59 adjuvant) in most subjects within 2 to 3 weeks. Higher titers were seen in subjects who received the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. The emergence of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus demonstrates the unpredictable nature of influenza. 1 The virus has the potential to cause disease, death, and socioeconomic disruption, 2 , 3 and modeling suggests that the effect of the virus can be reduced by immunization. 4 The development of effective vaccines is a public health priority. Traditional seasonal influenza vaccines are produced from reassortant vaccine strains grown in hens' eggs. However, demand for vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 virus will most likely exceed the supply if this method of manufacturing is solely used. Cell culture provides an additional platform for the manufacture of . . .

As of March 2010, illness caused by the 2009 H1N1 virus had occurred in almost all countries, with more than 16,000 deaths from laboratory-confirmed cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The United States saw an estimated 59 million pandemic H1N1 illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 deaths. This review by WHO experts summarizes the virologic, epidemiologic, and clinical data on the 2009 H1N1 virus and assesses future directions. Illness caused by the 2009 H1N1 virus has occurred in almost all countries, with more than 16,000 deaths from laboratory-confirmed cases reported to the WHO. This review by WHO experts summarizes the virologic, epidemiologic, and clinical data on the 2009 H1N1 virus and assesses future directions. During the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus of swine origin caused human infection and acute respiratory illness in Mexico. 1 , 2 After initially spreading among persons in the United States and Canada, 3 , 4 the virus spread globally, resulting in the first influenza pandemic since 1968 with circulation outside the usual influenza season in the Northern Hemisphere (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org). As of March 2010, almost all countries had reported cases, and more than 17,700 deaths among laboratory-confirmed cases had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). 5 The . . .

Antigenically well-matched vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are urgently required. Human serum samples after immunization with MF59 or nonadjuvanted A/duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine were tested for antibody to 1997–2004 human H5N1 viruses. Antibody responses to 3 doses of nonadjuvanted vaccine were poor and were higher after MF59-adjuvanted vaccine, with seroconversion rates to A/HongKong/156/97, A/HongKong/213/03, A/Thailand/16/04, and A/Vietnam/1203/04 of 100% (P<.0001), 100% (P<.0001), 71% (P=.0004), and 43% (P=.0128) in 14 subjects, respectively, compared with 27%, 27%, 0%, and 0% in 11 who received nonadjuvanted vaccine. These findings have implications for the rational design of pandemic vaccines against influenza H5

The history of pandemic influenza, along with the evolving epizootic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus and the severity of associated human infections, serve as a warning to the world of the threat of another influenza pandemic. Conservative estimates suggest that up to 350 million people could die and many more would be affected, causing disruption to health-care systems, society, and the world's economy. WHO has encouraged countries to prepare in advance by developing influenza pandemic preparedness plans that involve public-health and pharmaceutical interventions. Vaccination is a cornerstone of these plans; however, a pandemic vaccine cannot be manufactured in advance because the next pandemic virus cannot be predicted. The concepts of vaccine stockpiling and prepandemic vaccination have thus become attractive. Human H5N1 vaccines are currently available and can induce heterotypic immunity. WHO and governments should give urgent consideration to the use of these vaccines for the priming of individuals or communities who would be at greatest risk of infection if an H5N1 influenza pandemic were to emerge.

Background. Oseltamivir, a specific influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for seasonal influenza. Emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses after treatment has been reported, particularly in children in Japan, where the dosing schedule is different from that used throughout the rest of the world. We investigated the emergence of drug-resistant infection in children treated with a tiered weight-based dosing regimen. Methods. We analyzed sequential clinical nasopharyngeal samples, obtained before and after tiered weight-based oseltamivir therapy, from children with acute influenza during 2005–2007. We isolated viruses, tested for drug resistance with use of a fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay, performed neuraminidase gene sequencing, and determined quantitative viral loads. Results. Sixty-four children (34 with influenza A subtype H3N2, 11 with influenza A subtype H1N1, and 19 with influenza B virus) aged 1–12 years (median age, 3 years, 1 month) were enrolled. By days 4–7 after initiation of treatment, of 64 samples tested, 47 (73.4%) and 26 (40.6%) had virus detectable by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and culture, respectively. By days 8–12 after initiation of treatment, of 53 samples tested, 18 (33.9%) and 1 (1.8%) had virus detectable by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and culture, respectively. We found no statistically significant differences in the reduction of viral shedding or time to clearance of virus between viral subtypes. Antiviral-resistant viruses were recovered from 3 (27.3%) of 11 children with influenza A subtype H1N1, 1 (2.9%) of 34 children with influenza A subtype H3N2, and 0 (0%) of 19 children with influenza B virus, all of whom were treated with oseltamivir (P=.004) There was no evidence of prolonged illness in children infected with drug-resistant virus. Conclusions. Drug resistance emerges at a higher rate in influenza A subtype H1N1 virus than in influenza A subtype H3N2 or influenza B virus after tiered weight-based oseltamivir therapy. Virological surveillance for patterns of drug resistance is essential for determination of antiviral treatment strategies and for composition of pandemic preparedness stockpiles.

Proactive priming before the next pandemic could induce immune memory responses to novel influenza antigens. In an open-label study, we analyzed B cell memory and antibody responses of 54 adults who received 2 7.5-μg doses of MF59-adjuvanted A/Vietnam/1194/2004 clade 1 (H5N1) vaccine. Twenty-four subjects had been previously primed with MF59-adjuvanted or plain clade 0-like A/duck/Singapore/1997 (H5N3) vaccine during 1999-2001. The prevaccination frequency of circulating memory B cells reactive to A/Vietnam/1194/2004 was low in both primed and unprimed individuals. However, at day 21 after boosting, MF59-adjuvanted primed subjects displayed a higher frequency of H5N1-specific memory B cells than plain-primed or unprimed subjects. The immune memory was rapidly mobilized by a single vaccine administration and resulted in high titers of neutralizing antibodies to antigenically diverse clade 0, 1, and 2 H5N1 viruses already at day 7. In general, postvaccination antibody titers were significantly higher in primed subjects than in unprimed subjects. Subjects primed with MF59-adjuvanted vaccine responded significantly better than those primed with plain vaccine, most notably in early induction and duration of cross-reacting antibody responses. After 6 months, high titers of cross-reactive antibody remained detectable among MF59-primed subjects. We conclude that distant priming with clade 0-like H5N3 induces a pool of cross-reactive memory B cells that can be boosted rapidly years afterward by a mismatched MF59-adjuvanted vaccine to generate high titers of crossreactive neutralizing antibodies rapidly. These results suggest that pre-pandemic vaccination strategies should be considered.

Summary Background Effective antigen-sparing vaccines are needed to confront pandemic influenza. Whole-virion and oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccines are the most effective formulations against H5N1 avian influenza. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity in adults in the UK of pandemic H1N1 whole-virion vaccine and oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine purchased by the UK government in 2009. Methods In our randomised, observer-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial, healthy adults aged 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and older (from Oct 19, to Nov 12, 2009) received two doses of vaccine given 21 days apart: either 7·5 μg of haemagglutinin formulated as whole-virion vaccine, or 3·75 μg of haemagglutinin formulated as split-virion vaccine with AS03A oil-in-water adjuvant. Assignment was by a computer-generated code, with random permuted blocks of two, four, and six. All participants and investigators were unaware of vaccine assignments. The trial was done at three hospitals in the UK. We measured antibody titres with a haemagglutination-inhibition assay at baseline; 7, 14, and 21 days after each vaccination; and at 6 months after the first dose. Primary outcome was vaccine immunogenicity of the full analysis set by the EU Committee of Human Medicinal Products licensing criteria. This study is registered with ISRCTN , number ISRCTN92328241. Findings At day 0, baseline antibody (titre ≥1/8) was detected in 44 (13%) of 347 participants. Sera from 95% to 98% of participants were assessed for immunogenicity on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, and at 6 months. On day 21 after one dose of adjuvanted AS03A or whole-virion vaccine, 63 (94%, 95 CI 85·4–98·4) of 67 and 50 (71%, 59·4–81·6) of 70 participants aged 18–44 years, 51 (77%, 65·3–86·7) of 66 and 26 (39%, 27·1–51·5) of 67 aged 45–64 years, and 19 (51%, 34·4–68·1) of 37 and 11 (32%, 17·4–50·5) of 34 aged 65 years or older had titres of 1:40 or greater. On day 42 (21 days after the second dose), 64 (100%, 94·4–100) of 64 and 49 (73%, 60·9–83·2) of 67 participants aged 18–44 years, 59 (91%, 81·0–96·5) of 65 and 29 (43·9%, 31·7–56·7) of 66 aged 45–64 years, and 28 (76%, 58·8–88·2) of 37 and 12 (36%, 20·4–54·9) of 33 aged 65 years or older had titres of 1/40 or greater. At 6 months, 62 (98%, 91·5–100) of 63 and 54 (78%, 66·7–87·3) of 69 participants aged 18–44 years, 54 (82%, 70·4–90·2) of 66 and 37 (55%, 42·6–67·4) of 67 aged 45–64 years, and 21 (57%, 39·5–72·9) of 37 and 10 (29%, 15·1–47·5) of 34 aged 65 years or older had titres of 1/40 or greater. There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events. Whole-virion vaccine was associated with fewer local and systemic reactions than adjuvanted vaccine. Interpretation AS03A -adjuvanted vaccine was more immunogenic against pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus than whole-virion vaccine and offers greater antigen-sparing capacity. A two-dose strategy should be considered for older people. Funding Department of Health, National Institute for Health Research Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre.

In publicly funded health systems with finite resources, management decisions are based on assessments of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence commissioned a systematic review to inform their 2009 update to guidance on the use of antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza. We searched databases for studies of the use of neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of seasonal influenza. We present the results for healthy adults (ie, adults without known comorbidities) and people at-risk of influenza-related complications. There was an overall reduction in the median time to symptom alleviation in healthy adults by 0·57 days (95% CI −1·07 to −0·08; p=0·02; 2701 individuals) with zanamivir, and 0·55 days (95% CI −0·96 to −0·14; p=0·008; 1410 individuals) with oseltamivir. In those at risk, the median time to symptom alleviation was reduced by 0·98 days (95% CI −1·84 to −0·11; p=0·03; 1252 individuals) with zanamivir, and 0·74 days (95% CI −1·51 to 0·02; p=0·06; 1472 individuals) with oseltamivir. Little information was available on the incidence of complications. In view of the advantages and disadvantages of different management strategies for controlling seasonal influenza in healthy adults recommending the use of antiviral drugs for the treatment of people presenting with symptoms is unlikely to be the most appropriate course of action.

In an open label clinical study (2007), MF59-adjuvanted hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine from H5N1-A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (clade 1) was administered to subjects previously vaccinated (primed) with clade 0 H5N3 (A/duck/Singapore/97) vaccine at least 6 years earlier (in 1999 or 2001). The primed individuals responded rapidly and generated high neutralizing antibody titers against the H5N1-Vietnam strain within 7 days of a single booster vaccination. Furthermore, significant cross-neutralization titers were measured against H5N1 clade 0, 1, and 2 viruses. In the current study, the impact of MF59 adjuvant during heterologous priming on the quality of humoral polyclonal immune response in different vaccine arms were further evaluated using real time kinetics assay by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Total anti-H5N1 HA1 polyclonal sera antibody binding from the heterologous prime-boost groups after a single MF59-H5N1 boost was significantly higher compared with sera from unprimed individuals that received two MF59-H5N1 vaccinations. The antigen-antibody complex dissociation rates (surrogate for antibody affinity) of the polyclonal sera against HA1 of H5N1-A/Vietnam/1194/2004 from the MF59-H5N3 primed groups were significantly higher compared to sera from unadjuvanted primed groups or unprimed individuals that received two MF59-H5N1 vaccines. Furthermore, strong inverse correlations were observed between the antibody dissociation off-rates of the immune sera against HA1 (but not HA2) and the virus neutralization titers against H5 vaccine strains and heterologous H5N1 strains. These findings supports the use of oil-in-water-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines to elicit long term memory B cells with high affinity BCR capable of responding to potential variant pandemic viruses likely to emerge and adapt to human transmissions.