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Neochlorogenic acid, a less-studied isomer of chlorogenic acid, has been seen to posses antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, which makes it an interesting candidate for incorporation in functional foods. However, its poor solubility in water and susceptibility to oxidation make such a task difficult. To overcome that, its encapsulation in cyclodextrins (CDs) is proposed. The fluorescence of neochlorogenic acid in different pH conditions was analyzed, and caffeic acid was proved to be the fluorescent moiety in the molecule. An encapsulation model whereby the ligand poses two potential complexation sites (caffeic and D-(-)-quinic moieties), showed that α-CD and HP-β-CD formed the best inclusion complexes with neochlorogenic acid, followed by M-β-CD, β-CD and γ-CD. Molecular docking with the two best CDs gave better scores for α-CD, despite HP-β-CD providing stabilization through H-bonds. The encapsulation of chlorogenic acid led to a similar CD order and scores, although constants were higher for α-CD, β-CD and M-β-CD, lower for HP-β-CD, and negligible for γ-CD. The protonation state affected these results leading to a different order of CD preference. The solubility and the susceptibility to oxidation of neochlorogenic acid improved after complexation with α-CD and HP-β-CD, while the antioxidant activity of both isomers was maintained.

Climatic factors have long been considered predominant in controlling decomposition rates at large spatial scales. However, recent research suggests that edaphic factors and plant functional traits may play a more important role than previously expected. In this study, we investigated how biotic and abiotic factors interacted with litter quality by analyzing decomposition rates for two forms of standardized litter substitutes: green tea (high-quality litter) and red tea (low-quality litter). We placed 1188 teabags at two different positions (forest floor and 8 cm deep) across 99 forest sites in France and measured 46 potential drivers at each site. We found that high-quality litter decomposition was strongly related to climatic factors, whereas low-quality litter decomposition was strongly related to edaphic factors and the identity of the dominant tree species in the stand. This indicates that the relative importance of climate, soil and plant functional traits in the litter decomposition process depends on litter quality, which was the predominant factor controlling decomposition rate in this experiment. We also found that burying litter increased decomposition rates, and that this effect was more important for green tea in drier environments. This suggests that changes in position (surface vs. buried) at the plot scale may be as important as the role of macroclimate on decomposition rates because of varying water availability along the soil profile. Acknowledging that the effect of climate on decomposition depends on litter quality and that the macroclimate is not necessarily the predominant factor at large spatial scales is the first step toward identifying the factors regulating decomposition rates from the local scale to the global scale.

Background: Salt stress is one of the main constraints determining crop productivity, and therefore one of the main limitations for food production. The aim of this study was to characterize the salt stress response at the physiological and molecular level of different Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) cultivars that were previously characterized in field and greenhouse trials as salt sensitive or salt tolerant. This study aimed to identify functional and molecular traits capable of predicting the ability of uncharacterized lines to cope with salt stress. For this purpose, this study measured different physiological parameters, hormones and metabolites under control and salt stress conditions. Results: This study found significant differences among cultivars for stomatal conductance, transpiration, methionine, proline, threonine, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and indolacetic acid. Salt tolerant cultivars were shown to accumulate less sodium and potassium in leaves and have a lower sodium to potassium ratio under salt stress. Analysis of primary metabolites indicated that salt tolerant cultivars have higher concentrations of several intermediates of the Krebs cycle and the substrates of some anaplerotic reactions. Conclusions: This study has found that the energetic status of the plant, the sodium extrusion and the proline content are the limiting factors for broccoli tolerance to salt stress. Our results establish physiological and molecular traits useful as distinctive markers to predict salt tolerance in Broccoli or to design novel biotechnological or breeding strategies for improving broccoli tolerance to salt stress.

Background and Aims The sequelae of stroke have a profound impact on individuals' independence. Among these, motor limitations of the upper limb significantly impair activities of daily living. Currently, robotic therapies have emerged as an innovative therapeutic approach; however, the existing evidence is heterogeneous and fails to provide conclusive data regarding their effectiveness. Therefore, the objective of this umbrella review is to describe the effectiveness of robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation in adults who have had a stroke. In addition, to identify the most commonly used robotic devices and examine the benefits of their use in combination with other therapeutic modalities. Methods We will conduct an umbrella review with a systematic search in the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. We will limit the search to the last 5 years in order to include the most recent literature. Search results will be independently screened by two authors in two phases: by title and , and then by full text. We will include systematic reviews with and without meta‐analysis published in English, French, or Spanish aimed at exploring the use of robotic devices in upper limb motor rehabilitation for adults' post‐stroke. Results Two authors will extract data into pre‐designed tables. We will include variables such as strength, joint range of motion, upper limb and hand motor function, spasticity, and dependence in activities of daily living. The AMSTAR‐2 scale will be used to assess the methodological quality of the included systematic reviews. Results will be presented narratively and in tables. Conclusion This protocol will facilitate the development of an umbrella review that synthesizes current evidence on the effectiveness of robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke, specifically identifying device classifications, therapeutic approaches, and clinical outcomes.

Teeth are a fundamental tool in forensic odontology for identification in a legal context of those individuals who cannot be identified visually or by other means. Dentine presents physiological exchanges of in trace elements after a period of mineralization and several factors can affect its concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of 25 trace elements in the coronal dentine according to sex and type of tooth to determine their relationship with age. A total of 25 trace elements were analyzed in 150 human coronal dentine. Teeth were classified into three age groups, sex and tooth type. The trace elements were grouped as potentially toxic or essential. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy were used. The toxic and essential elements were detected in the following order of concentration: Al > Pb > Sn > Li > As > Cd and Ca > P > Mg > Na > S > K > Sr > Zn > Ba > Fe > B > Ti > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Co > Se > V. Our findings show an increase in the concentration of toxic (Pb, Li and Sn) and essential (B, Ba, K, Sr, S and Mg) elements in coronal dentin related to the age of the teeth, regardless of sex. The concentrations of Pb and K in dentin of molars and premolars are the elements that best relate their variations with age. In view of our results, the analysis of these trace elements in dentin in combination with other types of techniques could be established as an element to consider in age dating studies in different forensic situations.

Due to the digitalisation of communication-related productive sectors (journalism, advertising, audiovisual creation, corporate and strategic communications, etc.), having up-to-date technological skills is crucial for joining and remaining in the labour market. In this study, the technological skills demanded from Journalism graduates in Spain by potential employers are analysed using a sample (n=433) of job postings aimed at such graduates on the specialist online platforms LinkedIn and Infojobs. The results show that the labour market available to Journalism graduates is broadly shared with graduates in other disciplines (especially Advertising and Public Relations, and Marketing). Only about 8% of the job postings analysed came from media outlets. Almost 70% were addressed to graduates in Journalism or other graduates in the field of communication and marketing, and only about 20% demanded functions connected with the production of journalistic information. Regarding the technological skills sought, about 60% of the job postings demanded knowledge of at least one specific technological tool, mainly for the tasks of graphic design, layout and image editing; data processing; web content design and management; text editing and presentations; web analytics; and social media. The results suggest that the variety of technological tools used in Journalism university programme teaching will need to be increased in order to facilitate graduate employability. Con la digitalización de los sectores productivos vinculados a la comunicación (periodismo, publicidad, creación audiovisual, comunicación corporativa y estratégica, etc.), la disponibilidad de habilidades tecnológicas actualizadas resulta fundamental para acceder y mantenerse en el mercado laboral. En este trabajo se analizan las habilidades tecnológicas demandadas a los graduados en Periodismo en España por los potenciales empleadores mediante el análisis de una muestra (n=433) de las ofertas de empleo dirigidas a estos graduados y publicadas en los portales especializados LinkedIn e Infojobs. Los resultados indican que el mercado laboral disponible para los graduados en Periodismo es ampliamente compartido con egresados de otras titulaciones (especialmente, en Publicidad y Relaciones Públicas y en Marketing). Solo en torno al 8 % de las ofertas analizadas procedían de medios de comunicación; casi el 70 % de las ofertas iban dirigidas indistintamente a graduados en Periodismo o en otras titulaciones del campo de la comunicación y el marketing; y solo en alrededor del 20 % se demandaban funciones relacionadas con la producción de información periodística. En cuanto a las habilidades tecnológicas solicitadas, cerca del 60 % de las ofertas requerían el conocimiento de al menos una herramienta tecnológica específica, principalmente para tareas de diseño gráfico, maquetación y edición de imágenes; tratamiento de datos; diseño y gestión de contenidos web; edición de textos y presentaciones; analítica web; y redes sociales. Los resultados sugieren que sería necesario incrementar la variedad de herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas en la docencia de los programas universitarios de Periodismo para facilitar la empleabilidad de los graduados.

The changes in reproductive phenology (i.e. timing of flowering and fruiting) observed in recent decades demonstrate that tree reproduction has already been altered by climate change. However, understanding the impact of these changes in reproductive success and fitness remains a major challenge for ecologists. We describe here a previously unreported phenomenon: a significant increase in the reproductive effort (seed production) of temperate oaks with increasing spring temperature, observed over the last decade. In contrast, no relationship was found between seed production and precipitation. This sensitivity of seed production to temperature was confirmed by a “space-for-time” substitution based on elevation gradients. Our findings suggest that global warming may enhanceoak reproductive effort in temperate ecosystems. Nevertheless, while fitness can be enhanced by higher levels of seed production, it also depends on the frequency and synchronization of mast seeding production, which may also be influenced by climate change.

Resveratrol and oxyresveratrol are natural polyphenolic stilbenes with several important pharmacological activities. However, low solubility and aqueous instability are the major limitations in their drug delivery applications. In the present work, we demonstrated the encapsulation of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol with nanosponge to improve solubility and stability. Several characterization techniques were used to confirm the encapsulation of both drug molecules within the nanosponges. The high encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol (77.73%) and oxyresveratrol (80.33%) was achieved within the nanosponges. Transmission electron microscopy suggested uniform spherical size particles of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol loaded nanosponges. Compared to free drugs, better protection against UV degradation was observed for resveratrol-loaded nanosponge (2-fold) and oxyresveratrol-loaded nanosponge (3-fold). Moreover, a higher solubilization of resveratrol- and oxyresveratrol-loaded nanosponges lead to a better antioxidant activity compared to drug molecules alone. Cytotoxicity studies against DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines further suggested improved activity of both resveratrol and oxyresveratrol-loaded nanosponges without any significant toxicity of blank nanosponges.

Incorporating the phosphorus (P) cycle in climate-carbon cycle models—or calibrating pedotransfer functions to predict available soil P—are important issues. To achieve them we need to improve our understanding of the P cycle by focusing on processes and on the factors which control P dynamics in soils. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the generality of the relationships between physical–chemical soil properties and the availability of inorganic P (i.e. the dynamics of phosphate ions at the solid-to-solution interface), and to test the predictive capacity of these relationships. We used the French permanent network of forest monitoring (102 forests with contrasting soil properties, called network dataset) and a global compilation of published data from different ecosystems (60 studies, mainly in forests, grasslands, or croplands, called compilation dataset). All studies used an isotopic dilution method to quantify the availability of inorganic P. Results showed generality of the dominant role of aluminum and iron oxides and organic carbon in controlling the dynamics of phosphate ions in acidic and non-acidic soils. Inversely, soil texture, pH and CaCO₃ generally had no or only little effect. The control of inorganic P availability by oxides and organic carbon was confirmed by the compilation dataset, even in non-forest soils. Relationships obtained with the network dataset correctly predicted available soil inorganic P, suggesting that the dynamics of phosphate ions in soils could be simulated by including the main controlling soil properties in models. Our study provides predictive tools which could be included in diagnostic systems for the long-term management of soil fertility.

Catheter directed therapies (CDT) are widely used in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). A multicenter registry was organized to evaluate their application in real life and to determine efficacy and safety of these procedures. Local experience of participating centers in percutaneous techniques for PE treatment was assessed. An internet-based registry was designed to collect clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory data of consecutive PE patients treated with CDT in participating centers between 2017 and 2022. Under analysis were 145 consecutive patients with acute PE, aged 61 ± 15 years, treated with CDT in 7 centers: 50 (34.5%) patients with high-risk PE (HRPE), and 95 (65.5%) patients with intermediate-high risk PE (IHRPE). 100 (69%) patients were treated with dedicated devices, in 45 (31%) subjects a pigtail catheter was used. Total PE or CDT related in-hospital mortality in HRPE reached 14% (7 patients), while in IHRPE 3.2% (3 patients) (p = 0.032). 50% of PE or CDT related deaths occurred in patients treated with a pigtail catheter. All-cause mortality in 145 patients was 9.7%, and it was higher in HRPE than in IHRPE (18% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.019). The use of pigtail catheters compared to dedicated systems was associated with higher mortality (20% vs. 5%, p = 0.01). Catheter directed therapies is a real option of treating PE. It was used as primary therapy also in patients without contraindication for thrombolysis suggesting that clinical practice does not always follow current PE guidelines. Patients treated with dedicated CDT systems had a higher survival rate than subjects treated with pigtail catheters.