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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity continuous training (MVCT) on cardiometabolic health outcomes and enjoyment of exercise in obese young women. A randomized controlled experiment was conducted that involved thirty-one obese females (age range of 18-30) randomly assigned to either HIIT or MVCT five-week training programs. Participants in HIIT condition performed 20 min of repeated 8 s cycling interspersed with 12 s rest intervals, and those in MVCT condition cycled continuously for 40 min at 60-80% of peak oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2peak), both for four days in a week. Outcomes such as [Formula: see text]O2peak, body composition estimated by bioimpedance analysis, blood lipids, and serum sexual hormones were measured at pre-and post-training. The scores of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) were collected during the intervention. After training, [Formula: see text]O2peak increased significantly for both training programs (9.1% in HIIT and 10.3% in MVCT) (p = 0.010, η2 = 0.41). Although MVCT group had a significant reduction in total body weight (TBW, -1.8%, p = 0.034), fat mass (FM, - 4.7%, p = 0.002) and percentage body fat (PBF, -2.9%, p = 0.016), there were no significant between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures of these variables. The HIIT group had a higher score on PAES than the MVCT group during the intervention. For both conditions, exercise training led to a decline in resting testosterone and estradiol levels, but had no significant effect on blood lipids. Both HIIT and MVCT are effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and in reducing sexual hormones in obese young women; however, HIIT is a more enjoyable and time-efficient strategy. The mild-HIIT protocol seems to be useful for at least maintaining the body weight among sedentary individuals.

To examine the validity and reliability of a sports-specific endurance plank test for the evaluation of global core muscle function. Repeated-measures study. Laboratory environment. Twenty-eight male and eight female young athletes. Surface electromyography (sEMG) of selected trunk flexors and extensors, and an intervention of pre-fatigue core workout were applied for test validation. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and the measurement bias ratio */÷ ratio limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated to assess reliability and measurement error. Test validity was shown by the sEMG of selected core muscles, which indicated >50% increase in muscle activation during the test; and the definite discrimination of the ∼30% reduction in global core muscle endurance subsequent to a pre-fatigue core workout. For test-retest reliability, when the first attempt of three repeated trials was considered as familiarisation, the ICC was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98–0.99), CV was 2.0 ± 1.56% and the measurement bias ratio */÷ ratio LOA was 0.99 */÷ 1.07. The findings suggest that the sport-specific endurance plank test is a valid, reliable and practical method for assessing global core muscle endurance in athletes given that at least one familiarisation trial takes place prior to measurement.

Background and Objectives: Limited research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on cognition under different conditions of inspired oxygenation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) under normoxia (inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2): 0.209) and moderate hypoxia (FIO2: 0.154) on cognitive function. Design: A single-blinded cross-over design was used to observe the main effects of exercise and oxygen level, and interaction effects on cognitive task performance. Methods: Twenty inactive adults (10 males and 10 females, 19–27 years old) performed a cognitive task (i.e., the Go/No-Go task) before and immediately after an acute bout of HIE under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The HIE comprised 10 repetitions of 6 s high-intensity cycling against 7.5% body weight interspersed with 30 s passive recovery. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. Results: The acute bout of HIE did not affect the reaction time (p = 0.204, η2 = 0.083) but the accuracy rate decreased significantly after HIE under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.467). Moreover, moderate hypoxia had no influence either on reaction time (p = 0.782, η2 = 0.004) or response accuracy (p = 0.972, η2 < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that an acute session of HIE may impair response accuracy immediately post-HIE, without sacrificing reaction time. Meanwhile moderate hypoxia was found to have no adverse effect on cognitive function in inactive young adults, at least in the present study.

The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged exercise resulted in the appearance of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in serum and whether this was associated with elevated levels of myocardial oxidative stress. Forty-five male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into four groups and killed before (PRE-EX), immediately (0HR), 2 (2HR) and 24 h (24HR) after a 3-h bout of swimming with 5% body weight attached to their tail. In all animals serum cTnT was assayed using 3rd generation electrochemiluminescence. In homogenized heart tissue myocardial malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH), and a non-enzymatic estimate of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were assessed spectrophotometrically. At PRE-EX cTnT was undetectable in all animals. At 0HR (median, range: 0.055, 0.020–0.100) and 2HR post-exercise (0.036, 0.016–2.110) cTnT was detectable in all animals ( P  < 0.05). At 24HR post-exercise cTnT was undetectable in all animals. An elevation in MDA was observed 0HR (mean ± SD: 1.7 ± 0.2 nmol mgpro −1 ) and 2HR (1.6 ± 0.3 nmol mgpro −1 ) post-exercise compared with PRE-EX (1.3 ± 0.2 nmol mgpro −1 ; P  < 0.05). The antioxidant response to this challenge was a significant ( P  < 0.05) decrease in GSH 2HR and 24HR post-exercise. Despite this T-AOC did not alter across the trial ( P  > 0.05). The results indicated that prolonged and strenuous exercise in rats resulted in an elevation in cTnT, a biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, in all animals 0HR and 2HR after exercise completion. The time course of cTnT elevation was temporally associated with evidence of increased lipid peroxidation in the rat heart.

It is well documented that intense exercise precipitates oxidative stress in adults. However, there is lack of related studies concerning oxidant and antioxidant status during early and late recovery periods in adolescent athletes, following endurance exercise in particular. This study investigated aspects of the serum oxidant and antioxidant status of 12 male adolescent (16.2 ± 0.6 years) trained runners during early and late recovery periods after an all-out 21-km run. Venous blood samples were taken immediately before, 2 and 4 h following (early recovery period), and 24 h following (late recovery period) the 21-km run. Samples were analyzed for serum concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). During the early recovery period, there were increases in the 4-h GSH (194.8 ± 10.4 vs. 211.8 ± 11.4 mg l −1 , P  < 0.05), 2- and 4-h UA (307.8 ± 68.6 vs. 327.4 ± 63.8; 330.2 ± 65.1 μmol l −1 , P  < 0.05), and 2-h CAT (2.05 ± 0.44 vs. 3.07 ± 0.51 U ml −1 , P  < 0.05), and decreases in the 2-h XO (11.1 ± 1.5 vs. 10.3 ± 1.2 U l −1 , P  < 0.05) compared to the corresponding pre-exercise level, respectively. No change was observed in SOD ( P  > 0.05). At the late recovery period, there was an increase in CAT (2.80 ± 0.49 U ml −1 , P  < 0.05) and TBARS (2.99 ± 0.83 vs. 4.40 ± 1.38 nmol ml −1 , P  < 0.05). These data indicate that although the antioxidant capacity of adolescent runners is augmented during the early recovery period following the 21-km run, they were not completely protected from oxidative stress during the later recovery period.

It has been shown that a suppressive protein, acting as an immune suppressor, is generated in animals and humans under particular stresses. However, studies related to immunosuppressive factors in response to the stress resulting from acute exercise are limited. This study compares the effects of pre- and post-exercise human serum on concanavalin A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation of mice. In the present study, blood samples in eight male undergraduates (age 21 ± 0.7 years) were taken before and immediately after ten sets of exercise consisting of 15 free and 30 10-kg loaded squat jumps in each set. The suppression of lymphocyte proliferation was analysed with high pressure liquid chromatography. It was noted from the result of gel chromatography columns that the post-exercise values of the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, in comparison to corresponding pre-exercise values, were generally greater with significant differences observed in 7.5th–9th min post-exercise eluates (P < 0.05). Such findings suggest that intense eccentric type exercise may lead to generation of immunosuppressive factor(s) in young males.

This study explored the impact of circadian rhythms on the circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) response to a graded exercise test (GXT) and examined whether an initial GXT influenced the cTnT response to a subsequent GXT performed 7–9 days later. Twenty‐one healthy young males (age: 20.6 ± 2.2 years, body mass index: 22.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2, V̇O2max: 31.8 ± 8.7 mL.kg−1.min−1) participated in three trials: an initial GXT (GXT1), a resting control trial (CON) and a second GXT (GXT2), separated by at least 72 h. The serum cTnT levels were measured pre‐exercise, 4 h post‐exercise or during the control. In GXT1, the cTnT levels did not show significant changes (median [range], pre: 3.80 [3.00–10.59] ng.L−1, post: 4.22 [3.00–9.08] ng.L−1, p > 0.05). During CON, the cTnT levels decreased significantly from morning to early afternoon (3.52 [3.00–10.84] vs. 3.00 [3.00–7.57] ng.L−1, p < 0.05), reflecting a circadian rhythm. Interestingly, GXT1 appeared to prevent this circadian decline. Furthermore, in GXT2, the cTnT levels significantly decreased post‐exercise (4.13 [3.00–15.48] vs. 3.24 [3.00–12.96] ng.L−1, p < 0.05), suggesting a possible “late exercise preconditioning” effect from GXT1. These findings suggest that GXT can interact with circadian rhythms, altering cTnT dynamics, and that prior exercise may induce prolonged cardioprotective effects. This study highlights the importance of accounting for circadian variability and late preconditioning effects in future research on exercise‐induced cTnT release.

PurposeTo investigate (1) the boosting effects immediately and 4 weeks following 2-week, 6-session repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH2-wk, n = 10) on the ability of team-sport players in performing repeated sprints (RSA) during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise protocol (RSAIEP) by comparing with normoxic counterpart (CON2-wk, n = 12), and (2) the dose effects of the RSH by comparing the RSA alterations in RSH2-wk with those resulting from a 5-week, 15-session regimen (RSH5-wk, n = 10). MethodsRepeated-sprint training protocol consisted of 3 sets, 5 × 5-s all-out sprints on non-motorized treadmill interspersed with 25-s passive recovery under the hypoxia of 13.5% and normoxia, respectively. The within- (pre-, post-, 4-week post-intervention) and between- (RSH2-wk, RSH5-wk, CON2-wk) group differences in the performance of four sets of RSA tests held during the RSAIEP on the same treadmill were assessed. ResultsIn comparison with pre-intervention, RSA variables, particularly the mean velocity, horizontal force, and power output during the RSAIEP enhanced significantly immediate post RSH in RSH2-wk (5.1–13.7%), while trivially in CON2-wk (2.1–6.2%). Nevertheless, the enhanced RSA in RSH2-wk diminished 4 weeks after the RSH (− 3.17–0.37%). For the RSH5-wk, the enhancement of RSA immediately following the 5-week RSH (4.2–16.3%) did not differ from that of RSH2-wk, yet the enhanced RSA was well-maintained 4-week post-RSH (0.12–1.14%).ConclusionsTwo-week and five-week RSH regimens could comparably boost up the effects of repeated-sprint training in normoxia, while dose effect detected on the RSA enhancement was minimal. Nevertheless, superior residual effects of the RSH on RSA appear to be associated with prolonged regimen.

Background The efficacy of exercise interventions in the treatment of mental health disorders is well known, but research is lacking on the most efficient exercise type for specific mental health disorders. Objective The present study aimed to compare and rank the effectiveness of various exercise types in the treatment of mental health disorders. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL databases, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials as well as Google Scholar were searched up to December 2021. We performed pairwise and network meta-analyses as well as meta-regression analyses for mental health disorders in general and each type of mental health disorder, with alterations in symptom severity as the primary outcome. Results A total of 6456 participants from 117 randomized controlled trials were surveyed. The multimodal exercise (71%) had the highest probability of being the most efficient exercise for relieving depressive symptoms. While resistance exercise (60%) was more likely to be the most effective treatment for anxiety disorder, patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) benefited more from mind–body exercise (52%). Furthermore, resistance exercise (31%) and multimodal exercise (37%) had more beneficial effects in the treatment of the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, respectively. The length of intervention and exercise frequency independently moderated the effects of mind–body exercise on depressive (coefficient = 0.14, p  = .03) and negative schizophrenia (coefficient = 0.96, p  = .04) symptoms. Conclusion Multimodal exercise ranked best for treating depressive and negative schizophrenic symptoms, while resistance exercise seemed to be more beneficial for those with anxiety-related and positive schizophrenic symptoms. Mind–body exercise was recommended as the most promising exercise type in the treatment of PTSD. However, the findings should be treated with caution due to potential risk of bias in at least one dimension of assessment and low-to-moderate certainty of evidence. Trial Registration This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022310237).

Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) has been shown to boost team-sport players’ repeated-sprint ability (RSA). Whether players’ global inspiratory muscle (IM) and core muscle (CM) functions would be altered concomitantly with RSH was not reported. This study was designed to compare the concomitant alternations in players’ RSA and their IM and CM functions during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise protocol (IEP) before and after the intervention. Twenty players were assigned into either RSH or control (CON) groups (n = 10 for each). RSH players participated in 5-wk RSH (15 sessions, 3 sets 5x5-s all-out treadmill sprints interspersed with 25-s passive recovery under the hypoxia of 13.5%) while CON players had no corresponding training. The changes in RSA between pre- and post-intervention, and the alterations in IM and CM functions that were revealed by maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) and sport-specific endurance plank test (SEPT) performance, respectively, between pre- and post-IEP and across pre- and post-intervention in the RSH group were compared with that of CON. Following the 5-wk RSH, players’ RSA improved significantly (>6%, p < 0.05) while PImax and SEPT performance did not alter (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, PImax which declined markedly in pre-intervention IEP (pre-IEP 155.4 ± 22.7 vs post-IEP 140.6 ± 22.8 cmH2O, p < 0.05) was alleviated significantly in post-intervention IEP (152.2 ± 27.4 vs 152.6 ± 31.8, p > 0.05), while the concomitant declined SEPT performance in the pre-intervention IEP (155 ± 24.6 vs 98.1 ± 21.7 s, p < 0.05) was retained post intervention (170.7 ± 38.1 vs 100.5 ± 33.4, p < 0.05). For the CON, all variables were unchanged (p > 0.05). Such findings suggest that 5-wk RSH could enhance players’ RSA but not global IM and CM functions. Nonetheless, the decline in PImax in pre-intervention IEP alleviated significantly post intervention led to a postulation that players’ IM endurance, rather than strength, might improve with the 5-wk RSH regimen, while the possible improved IM endurance did not advance the fatigue resistance of CM.