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This book offers a global perspective on early customary laws, covering themes such as legal traditions, cultural diversity, the evolution of customary laws, and their impact on societies. It is essential reading for undergraduate students studying law, providing them with insights into the rich tapestry of legal traditions from around the world. Practitioners in the legal field expand their knowledge of legal customs and traditions, which can be relevant in cross-cultural legal contexts. Policymakers gain an appreciation for the cultural aspects of law, especially in multicultural societies, and the general public gains awareness of the diverse and fascinating array of customary legal systems that have shaped human societies throughout history.

This comprehensive book addresses themes related to labor rights, employment contracts, dispute resolution, and the legal framework for labor relations. It is particularly relevant to undergraduate students studying labor law, providing them with a deep understanding of the legal rights and protections afforded to workers. Practitioners in the legal field enhance their knowledge of labor regulations and employment law, making it a valuable resource for professionals dealing with labor-related issues. Policymakers can draw from this knowledge to shape labor policies that promote fair and equitable employment practices. The general public also benefits from gaining awareness of labor rights and protections, which play a crucial role in ensuring social justice in the workplace.

Heterozygous germ-line mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type-II receptor (BMPR-II) gene underlie heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH). Although inflammation promotes PAH, the mechanisms by which inflammation and BMPR-II dysfunction conspire to cause disease remain unknown. Here we identify that tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) selectively reduces BMPR-II transcription and mediates post-translational BMPR-II cleavage via the sheddases, ADAM10 and ADAM17 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). TNFα-mediated suppression of BMPR-II subverts BMP signalling, leading to BMP6-mediated PASMC proliferation via preferential activation of an ALK2/ACTR-IIA signalling axis. Furthermore, TNFα, via SRC family kinases, increases pro-proliferative NOTCH2 signalling in HPAH PASMCs with reduced BMPR-II expression. We confirm this signalling switch in rodent models of PAH and demonstrate that anti-TNFα immunotherapy reverses disease progression, restoring normal BMP/NOTCH signalling. Collectively, these findings identify mechanisms by which BMP and TNFα signalling contribute to disease, and suggest a tractable approach for therapeutic intervention in PAH. Reduced BMP receptor II signalling underlies pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, Hurst et al . show that TNFα subverts BMP signalling by increasing BMP6 expression and signalling via an alternative BMP receptor, ALK2, in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells to drive abnormal proliferation and PAH.

Three-dimensional hydrogel-based organ-like cultures can be applied to study development, regeneration, and disease in vitro. However, the control of engineered hydrogel composition, mechanical properties and geometrical constraints tends to be restricted to the initial time of fabrication. Modulation of hydrogel characteristics over time and according to culture evolution is often not possible. Here, we overcome these limitations by developing a hydrogel-in-hydrogel live bioprinting approach that enables the dynamic fabrication of instructive hydrogel elements within pre-existing hydrogel-based organ-like cultures. This can be achieved by crosslinking photosensitive hydrogels via two-photon absorption at any time during culture. We show that instructive hydrogels guide neural axon directionality in growing organotypic spinal cords, and that hydrogel geometry and mechanical properties control differential cell migration in developing cancer organoids. Finally, we show that hydrogel constraints promote cell polarity in liver organoids, guide small intestinal organoid morphogenesis and control lung tip bifurcation according to the hydrogel composition and shape. Organ-like 3D cultures are advanced model system for biology and medicine limited by their uncontrolled cell self-assembly. Here, the authors develop a hydrogel-in-hydrogel bioprinting approach to dynamically control the growth landscape of a broad range of living 3D cell cultures.

The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial heritage, their values, authenticity and spirit of place, as well as the idea of the necessity of integrating industrial heritage into the contemporary context, this paper aims to examine the possibilities for the preservation of industrial heritage following theoretically established principles, with the introduction of new uses and sustainable solutions. The analysis of the case studies of Belgrade’s industrial heritage presented in this paper results from research conducted by the teachers, associates and students of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. The research focuses on the possibilities of translating the principles of preserving cultural and industrial heritage from their theoretical definition to practical application. The students’ conceptual solutions for protection, revitalisation and presentation of the analysed case studies represent the research results. An important aspect of this paper is defining the criteria for valorising students’ conceptual solutions, which are aligned with the principles of preserving cultural heritage and establishing sustainable development. The valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions through a defined set of criteria indicates real possibilities for the simultaneous preservation of all the values of industrial heritage and its transformation into a social, ecological and economic resource of the contemporary city.

In this study, we explore the potential of applying machine learning (ML) to enhance high-pressure luminescence sensing. We investigate the luminescence behavior of Y2MoO6:Eu3+, synthesized via a self-initiated, self-sustained reaction. Emission spectra were collected under varying pressures using a 405 nm laser diode and an AVANTES AvaSpec 2048TEC USB2 spectrometer. An analysis of the pressure-dependent curve, based on the intensities of two key peaks, indicates a possible crystal phase transition or another underlying physical phenomenon. Moreover, the non-unique relationship between pressure and peak intensity limits its effectiveness for precise sensing. To overcome this challenge, we employ an ML-based approach, combining Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) for data visualization with a deep neural network to estimate pressure directly from the full luminescence spectrum. This strategy significantly extends the usable pressure range of Y2MoO6:Eu3+ up to 12 GPa, representing a marked improvement over conventional methods.

Background: There are known associations between periodontitis and colorectal cancer, but knowledge on the connections existing between the two are not fully understood. The aim of our study was to assess prevalence and clinical severity of periodontitis in patients with localized colorectal cancer. Secondly, the dynamics of metabolic derangements, particularly glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus were studied as well. Methods: Diagnostic procedures included endoscopies with patohistology, laboratory exams, the insulin resistance homeostatic model assessment method (HOMA index), anthropometrics, and radiology imaging. Periodontal status was evaluated by full-mouth periodontal examination. Results: A total of 79 patients with localized colorectal carcinoma, with slight male predominance of 55.7%, and an age of 65.7 ± 12.4 years participated in this study. Three-quarters of patients (73.4%; 95% CI: 63.0–82.2%) were diagnosed with periodontitis. Patients with periodontitis and colorectal cancer had significantly increased glucose levels (fasting and after oral glucose challenge), (both p < 0.05). Also, increased values of the HOMA index were found in patients with periodontitis vs. controls (without periodontitis) and colorectal cancer; 6.38 ± 5.74 vs. 3.58 ± 2.6 (p = 0.012); Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient = 0.271 (p = 0.039). There were significant differences in high-density cholesterol in patients with periodontitis vs. controls, 1.41 ± 0.28 vs. 1.23 ± 0.35 mmol/L (p = 0.016), but correlations were insignificant; Rho c.c. = 0.045 (p = 0.738). Conclusions: The most consorted connections between periodontitis and colorectal cancer were found among parameters of metabolic domain, especially glucose concentrations and insulin resistance. Further studies, which would include novel and emerging antidiabetic treatments and their effects on the prevention or control of both diseases, would be warranted.

Chronic HIV infection drives B cell dysfunction associated with the accumulation of tissue-like memory (TLMs) and activated memory B cells (MBCs) but decline in resting memory B cells. TLMs express multiple inhibitory receptors and lack response to soluble antigens. However, their origin and the mechanisms driving their expansion in HIV infection remain unclear. From bulk heavy chain BCR sequencing of MBC subsets from 5 PLWH with no detectable viremia, we hypothesized that TLMs (CD21- CD27- B cells) were significantly less mutated but also less diverse than other MBCs, suggesting an enrichment for innate-like B cells or that they belong to a less mature subset. Subsequent detailed multi-omics study of an immune response to a transient HIV viremia in an elite controller demonstrated a functional increase in Env-reactive IgG and MBCs with non-TLM phenotype. Single-cell RNA/BCR sequencing of PBMCs enriched for B cells revealed an orchestrated TNF-α response followed by interferon-α and -γresponses across all B cell subsets. This study provides new insights into multifaceted functional B cell response to transient HIV viremia and highlights TLM heterogeneity.

This paper aims to explore industrial heritage of Belgrade that is located in the city center and therefore, has considerable potential for future architectural and urban development of the Serbian capital. The whole Belgrade riverfront area along the Sava and the Danube Rivers has a large number of abandoned industrial buildings that have significant value and need to be preserved and revitalized. This paper represents a research project conducted by lecturers at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade in the course History and Theory 1—Visual Culture in Architectural Theory and Practice. In order to provide productive research, we have employed the case study method based on the old Mint “A.D.”, which we have chosen as a characteristic example of Belgrade’s industrial heritage architecture. An important goal of this research is to provide professional information and raise public awareness about the importance and potential of industrial heritage for the future economic, cultural, social and tourist development of the city. This paper analyzes possibilities to comprehend the problems of the city’s industrial heritage protection regarding its historical and urban context, its genesis, authenticity, identity, cultural, architectural, economic, social, productive, creative and environmental values. According to that, the main goal of this research is concentrated on the sustainable preservation of specific cultural tangible and intangible values, spirit of the place, city identity and historic cityscape values that characterize industrial heritage in the social, cultural, natural and built environmental systems.

IntroductionLesbian, gay, and bisexuals have unique healthcare needs. Breast cancer is leading cancer in women, worldwide, accounting for 25% of all cases. Annual incidence rates increased significantly in all countries and age groups. The occurrence of breast cancer is rare in transgender population. As they have very limited access to medical care, it is much less likely to pursue breast cancer screening than in other individuals not identified as transgender.Review of the cases from literatureUp to date, only 13 cases of the breast cancer transsexuals (female to male) have been reported in six published papers worldwide. Histological examination of the breast tumor in female-to-male transgender showed progesterone/estrogen-positive invasive ductal carcinoma.DiscussionGender identity describes a person’s inherent sense of being a woman, man, or of neither gender, whereas sexual orientation refers to how people identify their physical and emotional attraction to others. Gender reassignment surgery, as series of complex surgical genital and non-genital procedures, is recognized as the most effective treatment for patients with gender dysphoria. The two main principles of hormone therapy for transgender patients are to reduce endogenous hormone levels and their associated sex characteristics and replace them with hormones of the preferred sex. Breast cancer infrequently occurs in transgender patients. Even breast core biopsies can be difficult for interpreting after changes in breast tissue in female-to-male transsexuals following gender reassignment.ConclusionReviewing the literature, so many different data concerning probability of breast cancer in sexual minority can be found. Breast cancer screening program should be offered to all transgender individuals according to national guidelines. Very important is to take into consideration a transgender person’s natal and surgical anatomy, unique clinical concerns for depression and anxiety, risk of suicide together with risk factors including experiences of harassment or physical or sexual violence, low education level, and unemployment. Understanding the need for mammography in these often marginalized groups is very important in addressing breast cancer disparities despite differences in insurance coverage in some countries and greater concern for the cancer of the breast in residual breast tissue. The best screening rule, ever, for breast cancer in male transsexuals and other similar population should be, besides surgical history and hormonal status, “Screen Now, Screen Regularly and Screen What You Have.”