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The effects of foliar applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles and various biostimulants were studied to alleviate water stress in sugar beet. The experiment used a split-split-plot layout based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications over two growing seasons (2022–2024). The main plot consisted of two irrigation levels: Irrigation after 60 and 120 mm of evaporation was considered normal irrigation (WW) and water deficit stress (WD). Zinc nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) levels (control, 0.2, and 0.4 mg L −1 ) were assigned to subplots, and biostimulants (control, chitosan, proline, and chitosan + proline) were assigned to sub-subplots. The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control. Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%). In this experiment, the combination of 2 mg L -1 ZnO-NPs with chitosan and proline exhibited a synergistic effect, increasing the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content (RWC), SOD, and RY, while reducing ABA. The lowest IBRv2 values were recorded for control + proline, control + chitosan, 2 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Control, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Control, and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Proline treatments. 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + chitosan + proline (I = 0.803) and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + proline (I = 0.809) showed the smallest increases in MAD content. In terms of RY, the least decrease was observed in the treatments of 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Chitosan and Proline (I = − 0.492) and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Proline (I = − 1.014).

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as neurological defects. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, the present documents illustrate that the cause of MS is multifactorial and include genetic predisposition together with environmental factors such as exposure to infectious agents, vitamin deficiencies, and smoking. These agents are able to trigger a cascade of events in the immune system which lead to neuronal cell death accompanied by nerve demyelination and neuronal dysfunction. Conventional therapies for MS are based on the use of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs, but these treatments are not able to stop the destruction of nerve tissue. Thus, other strategies such as stem cell transplantation have been proposed for the treatment of MS. Overall, it is important that neurologists be aware of current information regarding the pathogenesis, etiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of MS. Thus, this issue has been discussed according to recent available information.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as neurological defects. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, the present documents illustrate that the cause of MS is multifactorial and include genetic predisposition together with environmental factors such as exposure to infectious agents, vitamin deficiencies, and smoking. These agents are able to trigger a cascade of events in the immune system which lead to neuronal cell death accompanied by nerve demyelination and neuronal dysfunction. Conventional therapies for MS are based on the use of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs, but these treatments are not able to stop the destruction of nerve tissue. Thus, other strategies such as stem cell transplantation have been proposed for the treatment of MS. Overall, it is important that neurologists be aware of current information regarding the pathogenesis, etiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of MS. Thus, this issue has been discussed according to recent available information.