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People depend on functioning ecosystems, which provide benefits that support human existence and wellbeing. The relationship between people and nature has been experienced and conceptualized in multiple ways. Recently, ecosystem services (ES) concepts have permeated science, government policies, multi-national environmental agreements, and science–policy interfaces. In 2017, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) introduced a new and closely related concept – Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP). The introduction of NCP has sparked some lively discussion and confusion about the distinguishing characteristics between ES and NCP. In order to clarify their conceptual relation, we identify eleven specific claims about novel elements from the latest NCP literature and analyze how far ES research has already contributed to these corresponding conceptual claims in the existing ES literature. We find a mixed-picture, where on six specific conceptual claims (culture, social sciences and humanities, indigenous and local knowledge, negative contributions of nature, generalizing perspective, non-instrumental values and valuation) NCP does not differ greatly from past ES research, but we also find five conceptual claims (diverse worldviews, context-specific perspective, relational values, fuzzy and fluid reporting categories and groups, inclusive language and framing) where NCP provides novel conceptualizations of people and nature relations.

Significant population growth of some European goose populations has led to initiatives to implement management at the flyway level. Understanding migration routes and spatiotemporal distribution is crucial for the successful and coordinated management of migratory species such as geese. In this study, we describe movements across the entire annual cycle in 76 Greylag geese (Anser anser) fitted with GPS tracking devices at five catch sites in Sweden. We show that Greylag geese breeding in Sweden still use a NE-SW migration path. However, the wintering range has undergone a northward shift during the last decades. Compared to previous studies, our data suggest a continued reduction in migration distance, being most pronounced in birds in southernmost Sweden. Greylag geese tagged in southernmost Sweden spent almost the entire annual cycle in Sweden and Denmark (97 and 100% of all GPS locations). In contrast, the flyway of Greylag geese from the northern catch sites still covers countries from Sweden to Spain, but presently, only a small fraction of the population migrates to Spain. Instead, most of the annual cycle is spent in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, or Germany. The contrasting spatiotemporal distribution in geese of different geographical origin indicates that management initiatives for the NW/SW European Greylag Goose population need to consider that different migration strategies occur within previously defined management units. As a consequence, coordination of management actions (e.g. monitoring, harvest quotas, reserves) may need to consider different spatial scales, i.e. from the regional to the international scale depending on the origin of the Greylag geese.

With the planned large‐scale development of offshore wind farms, there is a need for an improved understanding of the potential future interactions between migrating common cranes (Grus grus) and the wind turbines as they cross areas of open sea during migration. The Arkona Basin is currently the focus of large‐scale offshore wind farm development activities, with full development of the region's capacity for offshore wind projected to cover approximately 80% of the migration corridor. By using laser rangefinder tracking and GPS‐tagged crane individuals, we studied the vertical flight behaviour in relation to weather conditions as they cross the Arkona Basin in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Germany. The effect of weather conditions on the vertical distribution (i.e., flight altitudes) of the cranes was modelled using generalised additive mixed models. The results show that the flight altitude of common cranes crossing the basin strongly depends on the wind and clearness conditions. Both during the spring and autumn migration, the cranes utilise thermal winds at the coast to soar and frequently reach altitudes > 300 m. Yet, the model predictions showed that the flight altitude descended towards the central offshore parts of the basin targeted for offshore wind farm development, with a steeper descending trend and flight altitudes at rotor height during crosswind and headwind conditions and during poor and moderate clearness (< 60%). Our results indicate that, in combination with their low level of macro avoidance, the overall collision risk of migrating cranes will depend on the frequency of adverse conditions, which cause the birds to fly at rotor height over the wind development zone. Implementation of efficient mitigation measures (e.g., turbine curtailment) to minimise the risk of collision with the future large‐scale wind turbine installations in the region is obviously a conservation priority. Study comprises the first field study of the flight altitude of the common crane (Grus grus) during seasonal migrations across the Baltic Sea. Our investigations clearly indicate that despite weather‐induced variations in the flight altitude, the majority of cranes will cross the Baltic Sea at altitudes between 50 and 250 m. As a consequence, future interactions between migrating cranes and offshore wind farm projects should be anticipated, and especially during adverse weather conditions, the cranes are predicted to fly at rotor height over the wind development zone in the region.

1. Several populations of cranes, geese, and swans are thriving and increasing in modern agricultural landscapes. Abundant populations are causing conservation conflicts, as they may affect agricultural production and biodiversity negatively. 2. Management strategies involving provisioning of attractive diversionary fields where birds are tolerated can be used to reduce negative impact to growing crops. To improve such strategies, knowledge of how the birds interact with the landscape and respond to current management interventions is key. 3. We used GPS locations from tagged common cranes (Grus grus) and greylag geese (Anser anser) to assess how they use and select differentially managed habitats, such as diversionary fields to decrease impact on agriculture and wetlands pro-tected for biodiversity conservation. 4. Our findings show a high probability of presence of common cranes and grey-lag geese in the protected area and in the diversionary field, but also on arable fields, potentially causing negative impact on agricultural production and wetland biodiversity. 5. We outline recommendations for how to improve the practice of diversionary fields and complementary management to reduce risk of negative impact of large grazing birds in landscapes tailored for both conservation and conventional agriculture. adaptive management, Anser anser, common crane, conservation conflict, diversionary field, greylag goose, Grus grus, protected area, resource selection function, supplemental feeding

The Eurasian crane (Grus grus), a symbol of conservation success in Europe, has made an impressive recovery since the 1979 Birds Directive, with current estimates reaching around 590,000 individuals. However, this transition from vulnerability to abundance brings new challenges, particularly arising from interactions with human activities (e.g., conflicts with agriculture). Understanding the future dynamics of crane populations requires knowledge of demographic parameters that are crucial for predicting population trends and informing management and conservation measures. We analysed 37 years of data (1985–2021) from 5049 juvenile‐banded cranes and 172,725 resightings, providing estimates of survival rates across age classes and over time. Our findings indicate that juveniles exhibit the lowest survival rates, while sub‐adults have higher survival, and adults show a decrease in their survival probability with age, as expected with the senescence process. Over the study period, juvenile survival declined by almost 30% overall, while sub‐adults experienced a smaller decrease, and adults showed no change. Life expectancy at birth was 10 years, and maximum lifespan reached 25 years. We found no difference in the survival estimates of males and females. The decline in juvenile survival over the years highlights the growing challenges likely driven by habitat degradation, climate change, agricultural practices, and increasing population densities. These findings align with previous research on crane survival and underscore the importance of understanding age‐specific survival dynamics in response to environmental changes. This study highlights the challenges facing Eurasian crane populations, where further declines in juvenile and immature survival rates could lead to population declines unless compensated by a stable or higher adult survival. Effective conservation strategies will require further research into reproductive success and details on age‐specific mortality causes and environmental pressures, although targeted interventions can already be implemented to mitigate current impacts of habitat degradation and climate change. The Eurasian crane (Grus grus), a symbol of conservation success in Europe, has made an impressive recovery. However, our results show that over the study period, juvenile survival declined by almost 30% overall, while sub‐adults experienced a smaller decrease, and adults showed no change. The decline in juvenile survival over the years highlights increasing challenges likely driven by habitat degradation, climate change, agricultural practices, and rising population densities.

Knowledge about deer spatial use is essential for damage mitigation, conservation, and harvest management. We assess annual and seasonal home range sizes in relation to habitat composition for red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Sweden, using GPS-data from two regions with different management systems. We compare our findings with reviewed data on red deer home range sizes in Europe. Annual and seasonal home ranges during calving, hunt, and winter-spring, decreased with increasing proportion forest. Female annual home ranges in a mixed agricultural-forest landscape were three times larger than in a forest-dominated landscape. Core areas (50% Kernels) were approximately 1/5 of the full annual and seasonal home ranges (95% Kernels) regardless of habitat composition. Home range size in the forest-dominated landscape showed little inter-seasonal variation. In the agricultural-forest landscape, home ranges were larger during calving, hunt, and winter-spring compared to summer and rut. In the forest-dominated landscape, management areas are large enough to cover female spatial use. In the agricultural-forest landscape, female spatial use covers several license units. Here, the coordinated license system is needed to reach trade-offs between goals of conservation, game management, and damage mitigation. Males had in general larger home ranges than females, and the majority of the males also made a seasonal migration to and from the rutting areas. The license system area in the agricultural-forest landscape is large enough to manage migrating males. In the forest landscape, a coordination of several management areas is needea to encompass male migrations. We conclude that management needs to adapt to deer spatial use in different types of landscapes to reach set goals.

Wild and managed bees are well documented as effective pollinators of global crops of economic importance. However, the contributions by pollinators other than bees have been little explored despite their potential to contribute to crop production and stability in the face of environmental change. Non-bee pollinators include flies, beetles, moths, butterflies, wasps, ants, birds, and bats, among others. Here we focus on non-bee insects and synthesize 39 field studies from five continents that directly measured the crop pollination services provided by non-bees, honey bees, and other bees to compare the relative contributions of these taxa. Non-bees performed 25–50% of the total number of flower visits. Although non-bees were less effective pollinators than bees per flower visit, they made more visits; thus these two factors compensated for each other, resulting in pollination services rendered by non-bees that were similar to those provided by bees. In the subset of studies that measured fruit set, fruit set increased with non-bee insect visits independently of bee visitation rates, indicating that non-bee insects provide a unique benefit that is not provided by bees. We also show that non-bee insects are not as reliant as bees on the presence of remnant natural or seminatural habitat in the surrounding landscape. These results strongly suggest that non-bee insect pollinators play a significant role in global crop production and respond differently than bees to landscape structure, probably making their crop pollination services more robust to changes in land use. Non-bee insects provide a valuable service and provide potential insurance against bee population declines.

1. Populations of large grazing birds have increased in Europe during the past five decades, raising conflicts between conservation and farming interests. Managing these conflicts requires knowledge about the currently unknown relationship between population sizes and crop damage levels. 2. We analysed unique data on reported, inspected and compensated crop damage caused by geese, swans and cranes together with data from population surveys in Sweden to investigate how bird abundance is related to damage levels at the national scale between 2000 and 2015. 3. Over the study period, the annual number of damage reports, yield loss and costs for compensation increased. These crop damage levels were positively related to national population indices of common crane, barnacle and greylag goose. The shape of these relationships varied between species and encompassed considerable uncertainty. However, on a year-to-year basis (detrended data) we found no evident association between damage levels and bird numbers. 4. Yield loss and compensation costs per reported damage did not increase with higher population indices of greylag goose, but they did so for barnacle goose. 5. Synthesis and applications. We present a novel study of the relationships between different crop damage level indicators (damage reports, yield loss and compensation costs) and population numbers of large grazing birds. We identified a positive relationship with high uncertainty for all cases. We also identified the need to (a) better synchronize the monitoring of damages and bird numbers in time and space and (b) further study the relationships between damage levels and bird numbers at smaller (local and regional) and larger (flyway) spatial scales to reduce the uncertainty of the relationship and to gain a more holistic understanding of the system

Wildlife managers and livestock owners can choose from a multitude of interventions to prevent carnivore attacks on domestic animals, ranging from light and sound deterrents to fencing and lethal control. To guide management and make the best and most cost-effective choice of interventions, knowledge about where and when these measures are needed the most is important. By identifying spatiotemporal patterns of carnivore attacks, resources can be used more efficiently to prevent such attacks. We used a Swedish nationwide, long-term data set to identify inter- and intra-seasonal variation in probability, number, and severity (number of killed or injured per attack) of large carnivore attacks on sheep. Our results show that there are specific “times of trouble”, regarding the number of attacks from golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in late spring, and from brown bears (Ursus arctos), lynx (Lynx lynx), and wolves (Canis lupus) in late summer. Additionally, for brown bears and wolves, the severity of attacks varied throughout the grazing season with a peak in the latter part of the summer. The results can be used for guidance of temporal prioritisation of preventive interventions to reduce the probability, number, and severity of large carnivore attacks on sheep.

Soot, or black carbon (BC), aerosol is a major climate forcer with severe health effects. The impacts depend strongly on particle number concentration, size and mixing state. This work reports on two field campaigns at nearby urban and rural sites, 65 km apart, in southern Sweden during late summer 2018. BC was measured using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) and Aethalometers (AE33). Differences in BC concentrations between the sites are driven primarily by local traffic emissions. Equivalent and refractory BC mass concentrations at the urban site were on average a factor 2.2 and 2.5, with peaks during rush hour up to a factor ∼4, higher than the rural background levels. The number fraction of particles containing a soot core was significantly higher in the city. BC particles at the urban site were on average smaller by mass and had less coating owing to fresh traffic emissions. The organic components of the fresh traffic plumes were similar in mass spectral signature to hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), commonly associated with traffic. Despite the intense local traffic (∼ 30 000 vehicles passing per day), PM1, including organic aerosol, was dominated by aged continental air masses even at the curbside site. The fraction of thickly coated particles at the urban site was highly correlated with the mass concentrations of all measured chemical species of PM1, consistent with aged, internally mixed aerosol. Trajectory analysis for the whole year showed that air masses arriving at the rural site from eastern Europe contained approximately double the amount of BC compared to air masses from western Europe. Furthermore, the largest regional emissions of BC transported to the rural site, from the Malmö–Copenhagen urban area, are discernible above background levels only when precipitation events are excluded. We show that continental Europe and not the Malmö–Copenhagen region is the major contributor to the background BC mass concentrations in southern Sweden.