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Generation of electricity in nuclear power plants have supply further energy to society in the world, and remain arising of radioactive waste as results of performance industry with activity. Radioactive waste has to be isolated from the human habitat for absolutely so long time period until its radioactivity has decayed to an innocuous situation. To end disposal completely, every country operated Nuclear Energy plant foresees further deep geological repository. This study focused on couple phenomena associate to THMC properties for bentonite-sand mixture that particularly, soil moisture movement and occurrence of fluid pressure under maximum temperature 80 degrees Celsius. Modified stainless mould contributed on a series of testing, which had specialized pressure sensor having high temperature resistance. Used materials are sodium bentonite and silica sand. Also, salinity water comparison to distilled water on soil moisture movement under heating for saturated bentonite-sand mixture. Other hand, it is obviously that fluid pressure in bentonite-san mixture induced by heating increased due to increment temperature, and obtained pressures were difference with location point for measurement in specimen. Heating action applied to specimens under isotopically conductivity.

Investigating slow earthquake activity in subduction zones provides insight into the slip behavior of megathrusts, which can provide important clues about the rupture extent of future great earthquakes. Using the S-net ocean-bottom seismograph network along the Japan Trench, we mapped a detailed distribution of tectonic tremors, which coincided with very-low-frequency earthquakes and a slow slip event. Compiling these and other related observations, including repeating earthquakes and earthquake swarms, we found that the slow earthquake distribution is complementary to the Tohoku-Oki earthquake rupture. We used our observations to divide the megathrust in the Japan Trench into three along-strike segments characterized by different slip behaviors. We found that the rupture of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake, which nucleated in the central segment, was terminated by the two adjacent segments.

Simultaneous multiplex mutation of large gene families using Cas9 has the potential to revolutionize agriculture and plant sciences. The targeting of multiple genomic sites at once raises concerns about the efficiency and specificity in targeting. The model Arabidopsis thaliana is widely used in basic plant research. Previous work has suggested that the Cas9 off-target rate in Arabidopsis is undetectable. Here we use deep sequencing on pooled plants simultaneously targeting 14 distinct genomic loci to demonstrate that multiplex targeting in Arabidopsis is highly specific to on-target sites with no detectable off-target events. In addition, chromosomal translocations are extremely rare. The high specificity of Cas9 in Arabidopsis makes this a reliable method for clean mutant generation with no need to enhance specificity or adopt alternate Cas9 variants.

While many aspects of electronics manufacturing are controlled with great precision, the nucleation of tin in solder joints is currently left to chance. This leads to a widely varying melt undercooling and different crystal orientations in each joint, which results in a different resistance to electromigration, thermomechanical fatigue, and other failure modes in each joint. Here we identify a family of nucleants for tin, prove their effectiveness using a novel droplet solidification technique, and demonstrate an approach to incorporate the nucleants into solder joints to control the orientation of the tin nucleation event. With this approach, it is possible to change tin nucleation from a stochastic to a deterministic process, and to generate single-crystal joints with their c -axis orientation tailored to best combat a selected failure mode. Control over the crystallographic orientation of solder joints based on βSn will improve the reliability of electronic interconnects. Using a technique based on droplet solidification and lattice matching, Ma et al. are able to control the βSn nucleation events, hence control the grain orientation.

During exocytosis, the evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex tethers Golgi-derived vesicles to the target plasma membrane, a critical function for secretory pathways. Here we show that exo70B1 loss-of-function mutants express activated defense responses upon infection and express enhanced resistance to fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens. In a screen for mutants that suppress exo70B1 resistance, we identified nine alleles of TIR-NBS2 (TN2), suggesting that loss-of-function of EXO70B1 leads to activation of this nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR)-like disease resistance protein. This NLR-like protein is atypical because it lacks the LRR domain common in typical NLR receptors. In addition, we show that TN2 interacts with EXO70B1 in yeast and in planta. Our study thus provides a link between the exocyst complex and the function of a 'TIR-NBS only' immune receptor like protein. Our data are consistent with a speculative model wherein pathogen effectors could evolve to target EXO70B1 to manipulate plant secretion machinery. TN2 could monitor EXO70B1 integrity as part of an immune receptor complex.

Closely related pathogens may differ dramatically in host range, but the molecular, genetic, and evolutionary basis for these differences remains unclear. In many Gram- negative bacteria, including the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, type III effectors (TTEs) are essential for pathogenicity, instrumental in structuring host range, and exhibit wide diversity between strains. To capture the dynamic nature of virulence gene repertoires across P. syringae, we screened 11 diverse strains for novel TTE families and coupled this nearly saturating screen with the sequencing and assembly of 14 phylogenetically diverse isolates from a broad collection of diseased host plants. TTE repertoires vary dramatically in size and content across all P. syringae clades; surprisingly few TTEs are conserved and present in all strains. Those that are likely provide basal requirements for pathogenicity. We demonstrate that functional divergence within one conserved locus, hopM1, leads to dramatic differences in pathogenicity, and we demonstrate that phylogenetics-informed mutagenesis can be used to identify functionally critical residues of TTEs. The dynamism of the TTE repertoire is mirrored by diversity in pathways affecting the synthesis of secreted phytotoxins, highlighting the likely role of both types of virulence factors in determination of host range. We used these 14 draft genome sequences, plus five additional genome sequences previously reported, to identify the core genome for P. syringae and we compared this core to that of two closely related non-pathogenic pseudomonad species. These data revealed the recent acquisition of a 1 Mb megaplasmid by a sub-clade of cucumber pathogens. This megaplasmid encodes a type IV secretion system and a diverse set of unknown proteins, which dramatically increases both the genomic content of these strains and the pan-genome of the species.

Either the triggering of large earthquakes on a fault hosting aseismic slip or the triggering of slow slip events (SSE) by passing seismic waves involve seismological questions with important hazard implications. Just a few observations plausibly suggest that such interactions actually happen in nature. In this study we show that three recent devastating earthquakes in Mexico are likely related to SSEs, describing a cascade of events interacting with each other on a regional scale via quasi-static and/or dynamic perturbations across the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. Such interaction seems to be conditioned by the transient memory of Earth materials subject to the “traumatic” stress produced by seismic waves of the great 2017 (Mw8.2) Tehuantepec earthquake, which strongly disturbed the SSE cycles over a 650 km long segment of the subduction plate interface. Our results imply that seismic hazard in large populated areas is a short-term evolving function of seismotectonic processes that are often observable. This study shows how seismic and aseismic events are related in Mexico between 2017 and 2019. Based on a series of observations and models, the study suggests that the Mw 8.2 intraslab earthquake of 8 September 2017 severely altered the mechanical properties of the plate interface, facilitating the interaction between the events and disrupting the slow slip cycles at a regional scale.

The mild activity of basaltic volcanoes is punctuated by violent explosive eruptions that occur without obvious precursors. Modelling the source processes of these sudden blasts is challenging. Here, we use two decades of ground deformation (tilt) records from Stromboli volcano to shed light, with unprecedented detail, on the short-term (minute-scale) conduit processes that drive such violent volcanic eruptions. We find that explosive eruptions, with source parameters spanning seven orders of magnitude, all share a common pre-blast ground inflation trend. We explain this exponential inflation using a model in which pressure build-up is caused by the rapid expansion of volatile-rich magma rising from depth into a shallow (<400 m) resident magma conduit. We show that the duration and amplitude of this inflation trend scales with the eruption magnitude, indicating that the explosive dynamics obey the same (scale-invariant) conduit process. This scale-invariance of pre-explosion ground deformation may usher in a new era of short-term eruption forecasting. Here, the authors use 20 years of ground deformation data from Stromboli and correlate this data with eruptive records. They find that duration and amplitude of the inflation trend scales with eruption magnitude, indicating that explosive dynamics obeys the same (scale-invariant) conduit process.

Purpose Penetrating neck injuries (PNIs) are present in 5–10% of trauma cases, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially when existing injuries are missed. Although treatment strategies for PNIs are described in current international guidelines, they do not distinguish between gunshot wounds and stab wounds, or between self-inflicted and assault-related injuries. We aimed to identify factors associated with surgical intervention in patients with self-inflicted neck stab wounds, drawing on Japan’s distinctive epidemiology, where civilian firearm access is strictly regulated, gunshot wounds are rare, and self-harm occurs more frequently than assault. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with PNI admitted to our institute between July 2007 and July 2024 to assess the need for surgery. The primary outcome was surgical intervention. We examined admission indices associated with that decision. Patients with non-self-inflicted injuries or those requiring surgery for severe injuries elsewhere were excluded. Eligible patients were classified into two groups based on surgical requirement. We analyzed their characteristics, injury descriptions, vital signs on arrival, and outcomes. Results Among 59 patients with PNIs, 12 were excluded, leaving 47 patients for analysis; 29 required operative management and 18 were managed nonoperatively. No pediatric patients were included. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, psychiatric comorbidities, injury mechanism, and injury zone distribution, did not differ significantly between groups. No patients sustained zone III injuries or had a severe Injury Severity Score (ISS; ≥16). Moderate ISS was significantly associated with operative intervention ( p  < 0.05). On admission, the operative group had lower systolic blood pressure and higher rates of Shock Index ≥ 1.0 and hard signs (all p  < 0.01). Heart rate tended to be higher in the operative group, though not significantly. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed no group difference in extravasation. Operative procedures included repairs of major cervical vessels, the trachea, and the pharynx. Conclusion In self-inflicted, non-ballistic PNIs, Shock Index ≥ 1.0 on arrival and the presence of hard signs were reliable indicators for surgical intervention. These findings are consistent with existing guidelines originally developed in populations with gunshot wounds, and confirm their applicability in settings where stab wounds predominate and firearm injuries are rare.