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A burn insult generally sustains a hypovolemic shock due to a significant loss of plasma from the vessels. The burn injury triggers the release of various mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), stemming from foreign microbial discharge and damaged tissue or necrotic cells from the burn-injured site, enter the systemic circulation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), and trigger the excessive secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Inflammation plays a vital role in remodeling an injured tissue, detoxifying toxins, and helps in the healing process. A transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response, cell death, cell survival, and inflammatory processes. During the pathogenesis of a burn wound, upregulation of various cytokines and growth factors lead to undesirable tissue inflammation. Thus, NF-κB, a dominant moderator of inflammation, needs to be altered to prove beneficial to the treatment of burns or other inflammation-associated diseases. This review addresses the relationship between NF-κB and elevated inflammation in a burn condition that could potentially be altered to induce an early wound-healing mechanism of burn wounds.

Proper burn wound management considers patient’s compliance and provides an environment to accelerate wound closure. Sticky hydrogels are conducive to wound management. They can act as a preventive infection patch with controlled drug delivery and diverse surface adherence. A hypothesis-driven investigation explores a bioinspired polydopamine property in a gelatin-based hydrogel (GbH) where polyvinyl alcohol and starch function as hydrogel backbone. The GbH displayed promising physical properties with O–H group rich surface. The GbH was sticky onto dry surfaces (glass, plastic and aluminium) and wet surfaces (pork and chicken). The GbH demonstrated mathematical kinetics for a transdermal formulation, and the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of the GbH on test models confirmed the models’ healthy growth and biocompatibility. The quercetin-loaded GbH showed 45–50% wound contraction on day 4 for second-degree burn wounds in rat models that were equivalent to the silver sulfadiazine treatment group. The estimates for tensile strength, biochemicals, connective tissue markers and NF-κB were restored on day 21 in the GbH treated healed wounds to imitate the normal level of the skin. The bioinspired GbH promotes efficient wound healing of second-degree burn wounds in rat models, indicating its pre-clinical applicability.

Telepharmacy is an emerging solution to address medicine access disparities in India, particularly in rural and underserved areas. However, its adoption is hindered by outdated legal provisions, limited administrative capacity, and infrastructure gaps. This study explores telepharmacy governance from a local administration perspective, examining legal frameworks, stakeholder insights, and state-level initiatives. A qualitative exploratory approach was used, involving analysis of 25 legal and policy documents, 25 stakeholder interviews (including regulators, municipal officers, pharmacists, and technology providers), and case studies from Kerala, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh. Thematic analysis, supported by descriptive statistics, chi-square testing (χ² = 14.62, p = 0.023), Kruskal-Wallis comparisons (H = 6.12, p = 0.047), and a Weighted Barrier Index (WBI), identified five priority challenges: legal ambiguity (WBI = 4.5), administrative gaps (4.2), infrastructure limitations (4.0), unclear pharmacist oversight (3.6), and data privacy concerns (3.1). Kerala demonstrated the highest readiness, while Himachal Pradesh showcased innovative community-led models. Findings emphasize the need for telepharmacy-specific laws, integration with the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, AI-driven prescription validation, and targeted training for local administrators. Telepharmacy should be recognized as a governance innovation, not just a technological advancement, requiring coordinated central, state, and local reforms to scale services equitably and strengthen India’s healthcare delivery system.

NOABSTRACTThe evolving landscape of healthcare delivery emphasizes the importance of collaborative relationships between healthcare professionals. Community pharmacists and nurses, though traditionally occupying distinct roles, are increasingly working together to provide comprehensive, patient-centered care.This review explores the collaborative relationship between community pharmacists and nurses, focusing on their unique contributions to chronic disease management, patient education, and medication adherence. The article analyzes existing literature and highlights key interdisciplinary strategies that enhance patient outcomes.By integrating their expertise, pharmacists and nurses can improve health outcomes by addressing both the physical and psychosocial needs of patients. Their collaboration enhances the effectiveness of chronic disease management, promotes early interventions, minimizes medication errors, and fosters improved patient adherence to treatment plans.The findings underscore the need for structured, proactive collaboration models that go beyond independent roles to foster a truly synergistic healthcare environment. Strengthening these interdisciplinary partnerships is crucial for achieving more efficient, holistic, and timely healthcare delivery.

Background The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of isoquercetin-based cream formulation on scald burn wound injury in rats. Methods Four isoquercetin-based cream formulations viz. 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 % w / w were prepared. Cream base and standard anti-burn cream containing silver sulfadiazine were also used for comparison. Scald burn was given to rats by pouring water at 90 °C on a shaved dorsal area of 20 mm 2 . Deep second-degree burn injury was produced which was evaluated for the next 21 days for the percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelialization. On day 21, the rats were sacrificed and histopathological slides were prepared using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Burned tissue was also screened for levels of oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) estimation. Results There was a significant increase in the percentage of wound contraction and a significant decrease in the period of epithelialization in isoquercetin-based cream-treated groups as compared with the control group. However, most significant results were obtained with isoquercetin 0.06 % w / w cream. Histologically, isoquercetin 0.06 % w / w cream treatment resulted in almost complete re-epithelialization and re-structuring of the wound tissue. There was a significant rise in TBARS and a decrease in GSH levels in the burn injury group which was reversed to a major extent by the application of isoquercetin-based cream. Conclusions The results indicate the wound healing potential of isoquercetin-based cream. Tissue biochemical studies indicate towards a possible role of free radical scavenging in the observed effects of isoquercetin in wound healing.

Stress is a state of threatened homeostasis that produces different physiological as well as pathological changes depending on severity, type and duration of stress. The animal models are pivotal for understanding the pathophysiology of stress-induced behavioral alterations and development of effective therapy for its optimal management. A battery of models has been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with diverse etiology. An ideal animal model should be able to reproduce each of the aspects of stress response and should be able to mimic the natural progression of the disease. The present review describes the different types of acute and chronic stress models including immersion in cold water with no escape, cold environment isolation, immobilization/restraint-induced stress, cold-water restraint stress, electric foot shock-induced stress, forced swimming-induced stress, food-deprived activity stress, neonatal isolation-induced stress, predatory stress, day–night light change-induced stress, noise-induced stress, model of post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic unpredictable stress models.

The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with betulinic acid, a poorly watersoluble natural compound with potent anticancer activity. SLNs were prepared using a hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication method, employing glyceryl monostearate as the lipid matrix and Tween 80 as the surfactant. Five formulations (F1-F5) were developed and evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity. Among the formulations, F5 exhibited optimal characteristics with a particle size of 127.5 nm, PDI of 0.189, and zeta potential of -31.6 mV, indicating good physical stability. The entrapment efficiency reached 88.1%, and in vitro release studies showed sustained drug release over 48 hours, with 96.4% cumulative release from F5. Kinetic modeling suggested first-order release kinetics along with Korsmeyer-Peppas behavior. Cytotoxicity studies using the MTT assay against MCF-7, HeLa, and A549 cell lines revealed significantly lower IC values for BA-SLNs compared to free betulinic acid, demonstrating enhanced anticancer efficacy. The findings support the potential of SLNs as a promising drug delivery system to improve the solubility, stability, and therapeutic performance of betulinic acid for effective cancer management. Further in vivo studies are warranted for clinical translation.

The stability of mixed tablet dosage forms of Sumatriptan and Naproxen was determined using a RP-HPLC method that was painstakingly created and verified. The ability of this analytical method to reliably quantify both APIs, even in the presence of degradation products, lends credence to its use in stability testing and meets regulatory standards. Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer in a 60:40 v/v ratio made up the optimised mobile phase, which had a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 using orthophosphoric acid. These investigations validated the method's stability-indicating properties by showing that it can successfully separate analytes from degradation products. Finally, the suggested RP-HPLC technique is ideal for regular quality control, content uniformity testing, and stability investigations of pharmaceutical formulations including Naproxen and Sumatriptan since it is easy to use, quick, precise, and repeatable. It can be used in research and industrial quality assurance settings because it is resilient and meets regulatory validation criteria.  

Waste rice straw biomass and its burning in open fields have become a serious issue of greenhouse gases emission and air pollution, which has a negative impact on public health and the environment. However, the environmental impact of burning this agro-waste can be mitigated by diverting it towards green biorefinery through the sustainable production of energy, biofuels, organic chemicals, and building blocks for various polymers. This will not only help to reduce the reliance on limited fuels and various chemicals derived from petroleum, but also help in the restoration of the environment in a sustainable manner through its complete utilization. To maximize the inherent conversion potential of rice straw biomass into valuable products, this agriculture waste biomass requires a comprehensive analysis and a techno-economic review for its sustainable management. This review article focuses on the sustainable management of rice straw waste biomass via innovative valorization approaches, as well as the opportunities and challenges encountered in this sector for meeting the demand of current and future green biorefineries.

Untreated release of toxic synthetic and colorful dyes is a serious threat to the environment. Every year, several thousand gallons of dyes are being disposed into the water resources without any sustainable detoxification. The accumulation of hazardous dyes in the environment poses a severe threat to the human health, flora, fauna, and microflora. Therefore, in the present study, a lignin peroxidase enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 has been employed for the maximal detoxification of selected commercially used dyes. The enzyme production from the microorganism was enhanced ~ 20 folds using statistical optimization tool, response surface methodology. Four different combinations (pH, production time, seed age, and inoculum size) were found to be crucial for the higher production of LiP. The crude enzyme showed decolorization action on commonly used commercial dyes such as Crystal violet, Congo red, Malachite green, and Coomassie brilliant blue. Successful toxicity mitigation of these dyes culminated in the improved seed germination in three plant species, Vigna radiate (20-60%), Cicer arietinum (20-40%), and Phaseolus vulgaris (10-25%). The LiP treated dyes also exhibit reduced bactericidal effects against four common resident microbial species, Escherichia coli (2-10 mm), Bacillus sp. (4-8 mm), Pseudomonas sp. (2-8 mm), and Lactobacillus sp. (2-10 mm). Therefore, apart from the tremendous industrial applications, the LiP from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 could be a potential biocatalyst for the detoxification of synthetic dyes.