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Bazaar politics : power and pottery in an Afghan market town
Offering the first long-term on-the-ground study since the arrival of allied forces in 2001, Noah Coburn introduces readers to daily life in Afghanistan through portraits of local residents and stories of his own experiences. He reveals the ways in which the international community has misunderstood the forces driving local conflict and the insurgency, misunderstandings that have ultimately contributed to the political unrest rather than resolved it. -- From publisher's description.
Book
Embracing the unknown: disentangling the complexities of the soil microbiome
Key Points
Soils can contain large amounts of microbial biomass, including fungi, protists, viruses, bacteria and archaea. Most of these taxa currently remain undescribed, and have physiological and ecological attributes that are unknown.
Soil microbial communities are highly diverse, in part because soil environmental conditions are so heterogeneous. In a single soil there is a wide range of distinct microbial habitats that contain unique microbial assemblages.
Spatial variability in the structure of soil microbial communities is typically larger than the temporal variability. The composition of soil bacterial communities and the abundances of specific taxa are often predictable from soil and site characteristics, including soil pH, climate and organic carbon availability.
Plants can clearly have important direct or indirect effects on soil microbial communities and vice versa. However, the effects of plant species on microbial taxa are often difficult to predict a priori owing, in part, to plant associations with soil microorganisms being highly context-dependent.
Linking specific soil microbial processes to specific microbial taxa remains difficult. One way to tackle this problem is to use genomic data to group microbial taxa according to shared similar life-history strategies and functional attributes.
Given recent methodological and conceptual advances, the field is poised to rapidly advance our understanding of the soil microbiome. Promising future research directions include cultivation-based analyses of soil microbial taxa, studies of soil viruses and investigations into the importance of horizontal gene transfer in shaping the soil microbiome.
Soil contains a vast diversity of microorganisms that can directly or indirectly modulate soil processes and terrestrial ecosystems. In this Review, Fierer summarizes the challenges in characterizing the composition and functions of the soil microbiome, and discusses key future research directions.
Soil microorganisms are clearly a key component of both natural and managed ecosystems. Despite the challenges of surviving in soil, a gram of soil can contain thousands of individual microbial taxa, including viruses and members of all three domains of life. Recent advances in marker gene, genomic and metagenomic analyses have greatly expanded our ability to characterize the soil microbiome and identify the factors that shape soil microbial communities across space and time. However, although most soil microorganisms remain undescribed, we can begin to categorize soil microorganisms on the basis of their ecological strategies. This is an approach that should prove fruitful for leveraging genomic information to predict the functional attributes of individual taxa. The field is now poised to identify how we can manipulate and manage the soil microbiome to increase soil fertility, improve crop production and improve our understanding of how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to environmental change.
Journal Article
Unconventional Superconductivity and Density Waves in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
We study electronic ordering instabilities of twisted bilayer graphene around the filling ofn=2electrons per supercell, where correlated insulator state and superconductivity have been recently observed. Motivated by the Fermi surface nesting and the proximity to Van Hove singularity, we introduce a hot-spot model to study the effect of various electron interactions systematically. Using the renormalization group method, we find thatdorp-wave superconductivity and charge or spin density wave emerge as the two types of leading instabilities driven by Coulomb repulsion. The density-wave state has a gapped energy spectrum aroundn=2and yields a single doubly degenerate pocket upon doping ton>2. The intertwinement of density wave and superconductivity and the quasiparticle spectrum in the density-wave state are consistent with experimental observations.
Journal Article
The good father
An intense, psychological novel about one doctor's suspense-filled quest to unlock the mind of a suspected political assassin: his 20-year old son.
Book
Supercurrent diode effect and finite-momentum superconductors
When both inversion and time-reversal symmetries are broken, the critical current of a superconductor can be nonreciprocal. In this work, we show that, in certain classes of two-dimensional superconductors with antisymmetric spin–orbit coupling, Cooper pairs acquire a finite momentum upon the application of an in-plane magnetic field, and, as a result, critical currents in the direction parallel and antiparallel to the Cooper pair momentum become unequal. This supercurrent diode effect is also manifested in the polarity dependence of in-plane critical fields induced by a supercurrent. These nonreciprocal effects may be found in polar SrTiO₃ film, few-layer MoTe₂ in the Td
phase, and twisted bilayer graphene in which the valley degree of freedom plays a role analogous to spin.
Journal Article
Maximally Localized Wannier Orbitals and the Extended Hubbard Model for Twisted Bilayer Graphene
We develop an effective extended Hubbard model to describe the low-energy electronic properties of the twisted bilayer graphene. By using the Bloch states in the effective continuum model and with the aid of the maximally localized algorithm, we construct the Wannier orbitals and obtain an effective tight-binding model on the emergent honeycomb lattice. We find that the Wannier state takes a peculiar three-peak form in which the amplitude maxima are located at the triangle corners surrounding the center. We estimate the direct Coulomb interaction and the exchange interaction between the Wannier states. At the filling of two electrons per supercell, in particular, we find an unexpected coincidence in the direct Coulomb energy between a charge-ordered state and a homogeneous state, which could possibly lead to an unconventional many-body state.
Journal Article
Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection
With the global spread of COVID-19, there is a compelling public health interest in quantifying who is at increased risk of contracting disease. Occupational characteristics, such as interfacing with the public and being in close quarters with other workers, not only put workers at high risk for disease, but also make them a nexus of disease transmission to the community. This can further be exacerbated through presenteeism, the term used to describe the act of coming to work despite being symptomatic for disease. Quantifying the number of workers who are frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, and understanding which occupational groups they represent, can help to prompt public health risk response and management for COVID-19 in the workplace, and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks.
To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. This allowed us to estimate the number of United States workers, across all occupations, exposed to disease or infection at work more than once a month.
Based on our analyses, approximately 10% (14.4 M) of United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per week. Approximately 18.4% (26.7 M) of all United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per month. While the majority of exposed workers are employed in healthcare sectors, other occupational sectors also have high proportions of exposed workers. These include protective service occupations (e.g. police officers, correctional officers, firefighters), office and administrative support occupations (e.g. couriers and messengers, patient service representatives), education occupations (e.g. preschool and daycare teachers), community and social services occupations (community health workers, social workers, counselors), and even construction and extraction occupations (e.g. plumbers, septic tank installers, elevator repair).
The large number of persons employed in occupations with frequent exposure to infection and disease underscore the importance of all workplaces developing risk response plans for COVID-19. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve.
Journal Article