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A constant interaction between traditional leadership and municipalities is crucial for service delivery in rural communities. However, in the post-apartheid South Africa, the relation between municipalities and traditional leadership has been characterised by a lack of coordination and social trust. This paper has analysed the interplay between traditional leadership and rural municipalities in South African water governance. The paper adopted a narrative review method to evaluate the interaction between traditional leadership and municipalities in South African rural water governance. The results demonstrate that the interplay between traditional leaders and rural municipalities in water governance is rather uncertain and ineffective. Contentious relations amongst traditional leadership and municipalities has impeded the implementation of rural water governance projects in South Africa. The paper submits that this is partially due to unclearly defined roles and responsibilities of traditional leadership vis-à-vis those of municipalities in rural South African water governance. Thus, there is a need for a revitalisation and clarification of the role of traditional leadership in rural water governance in the post-apartheid South Africa.

Recent developments in South Africa show that since the introduction of e-government policy initiatives within state institutions, there have been major advances made in terms of e-services. The reviewed literature focused much attention on Government to Citizens (G2C) e-services with little on how the affected departments communicate internally, Government to Government (G2G). Most user departments, such as the Department of Home Affairs, which is the contextual focus of this article, have demonstrated that the adoption of e-government has not been an easy ride, meaning that there are influential factors that cannot be overlooked. The current study investigated the factors affecting the adoption of e-government in the selected DHA centres in the province of Limpopo. A qualitative approach was employed with data collecting tools such as (face-to-face) interviews used to glean information from nine officials, three from each of three centres, consisting of management and help desk (junior) officials. The study confirmed that there are a number of common factors affecting the adoption of e-government in those centres. These are: age, poor infrastructure, language barrier and motivation. This article proposes a number of solutions that can enhance adoption of e-government in the DHA.

The question of women’s development and empowerment is not new in the world. As such, there has been an increasing awareness of the matter, especially that development has had a differential impact on power relations in society, usually to the disadvantage of women. For countless times, the world has had many pro–women empowerment measures and proclamations made by various governments and continental and domestic agencies, but women continue to be overlooked in crucial spheres of life such as politics, law, education, and training, as well as working environments. This paper used a desktop review method to first, identify the underlying factors behind power differentials between men and women in leadership and society at large, and second, examine how such factors compound gender inequality in South African polity. The discussion shows that South Africa’s and the African continent’s experience with women's empowerment and recognition in the political landscape still exhibits gender disproportions with which the compounding factors cannot be differentiated. These include, inter alia, the inconsistent application of a political will to keep women in leadership spaces and the existence of patriarchal systems embedded in many African cultural practises. The paper concluded by strongly arguing that any development that is based on patriarchy is anti–development and must be rejected. Any efforts made to elevate women in to positions of power would mean an end to the old question of gender inequality, but this requires serious, deliberate policy interventions and implementation.