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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 ‐NPs), on growth performance, plasma biochemistry and histopathological changes of koi fish ( Cyprinus carpio koi) exposed to florfenicol (FF) antibiotic in a 60‐day experiment. The fish with an average weight of 2.38 ± 0.44 g were completely randomly distributed into six different groups with three replications. The experimental groups included: Basal diet without additives (control), basal diet + oral antibiotic, basal diet + antibiotic bath, basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NPs, basal diet supplemnted with CeO 2 ‐NPs + antibiotic bath, and basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NPs + oral antibiotic. The experimental unit was a glass aquarium with a capacity of 110 L of water and 10 fish were stocked in it. At the end of the experimental period, growth performance of fish, blood plasma indices, and histopathology of liver, kidney, gill, and intestine were investigated. The results showed that the final body length of the fish in the basal diet + antibiotic bath group was significantly higher than the control group and the basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NP + oral antibiotic group ( p < 0.05). Histological studies showed that the kidney, liver, and intestinal lesions of fish in different groups did not differ microscopically. In gill tissues, changes in secondary lamellae and their destruction occurred in different parts of the primary lamellae in different groups, but overall, no differences were observed among the different groups. The plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased in all groups compared to the control ( p < 0.05), except the basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NPs + antibiotic bath group. The plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level decreased significantly in the basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NPs + antibiotic bath group compared to the control, while this value increased in the basal diet + oral antibiotic and the basal diet supplemented with CeO 2 ‐NPs + oral antibiotic groups compared to the control ( p < 0.05). The results of this study revealed that adding CeO 2 ‐NPs to the basal diet at level of 0.8 mg/kg decreased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST, and ALP levels in plasma of koi fish compared to the control ( p < 0.05). The simultaneous administration of dietary CeO 2 ‐NPs with the bath and oral FF antibiotic increased the AST and ALT levels and the BUN level in plasma, respectively ( p < 0.05).

Congenital goitre is a deadly thyroid metabolic disorder characterised by low thyroid hormone levels, subsequent secretion of excess Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, and compensatory thyroid gland hyperplasia. This study aimed to summarise the clinical and pathological features of congenital goitre in a goat kid. In April 2019, a dead female goat kid with a history of dystocia was referred to Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, to examine the carcass and find the reason for death. The necropsy were performed, along with histopathology examination, and clinical signs were recorded. Examination of the foetus revealed the presence of an enlarged thyroid gland, and the skin was thick with myxedema, pale, and without hair. After cutting the skin, the swelling showed a significantly enlarged thyroid gland with two asymmetrical lobes, with the right lobe 3.9×7.1 cm and the left 3.7×7.5 cm in size. In the histopathological examination, a severe proliferation of follicular cells was observed, which caused the thyroid gland to be microscopically dense. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of recognising and addressing congenital goitre in goat kids. To prevent such tragic outcomes, it is crucial to focus on early detection and intervention. Furthermore, the agents of goitre need to find out and be clear.

Background Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that is well established as a causative agent of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the role of N. caninum infection in the abortion in dairy cattle in the Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Methods From 2022 to 2024, 105 aborted bovine foetuses were collected from dairy cattle in Khorasan Razavi province. Brain samples of aborted foetuses were tested using nested PCR and histopathological examination. In addition, blood samples were collected from dairy cattle that had aborted PCR‐positive foetuses and were analysed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results and Conclusions In the present study, N. caninum infection was detected in 24.76% (26 out of 105) of aborted bovine foetuses by nested PCR analysis. The brain tissues of 20 bovine‐aborted foetuses were only suitable for histopathological examination. Lesions of the central nervous system were severe hyperaemia, perivascular cuffing, astrogliosis, mild encephalitis and focal necrosis. One foetus exhibited a 32‐µm N. caninum cyst within the brain tissue. IgG antibodies against N. caninum were identified in all dairy cattle that aborted infected foetuses through ELISA testing. Molecular, histopathological and serological findings strongly suggest that N. caninum plays a significant role in bovine abortion in dairy cattle in Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran. Aborted bovine foetuses were collected from dairy cattle in Khorasan Razavi province. Brain samples of aborted foetuses were tested to detect N.caninum infection using nested PCR and histopathological examination. In addition, blood samples were collected from dairy cattle that had aborted PCR‐positive foetuses and were analysed using ELISA .

In addition to the fifty years since the test-and-slaughter program began in Iran and despite a significant reduction in the disease prevalence, positive tuberculosis cases are still being isolated from livestock farms across the country. Tests with 100% sensitivity and specificity are essential features for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis. The relationship between real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as two essential laboratory methods in the diagnosis of bacterial infections were aimed to evaluate single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) results. One hundred thirty-eight cows in two groups were examined: Reactors (108 cows) and clean (as a control group; 30 cows). In the reactor group, 58(54.00%) cows were Mycobacterium bovis positive, 46(43.00%) were Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) positive, and 11(10.00%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis positive. 32(55.00%) cows were co-infected with M. bovis and MAP and 5(4.55%) cows were co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MAP in this group. Of 50 M. bovis negative cows of reactor group were 14(28.00%) MAP positive and 36(72.00%) negative, as well. Concurrent infection with all was observed in one reactor case. Comparing IHC and real-time PCR for the detection of bovine tuberculosis and Johne’s disease showed very good agreement (Kappa values 0.81 - 1.00). The results also provided further confirmation on IHC and real-time PCR as a sensitive and reliable diagnostic screening approach for detection of bovine tuberculosis. The use of one laboratory method to detect bovine tuberculosis is not sufficient alone.

Background Wound healing has evolved in recent years, resulting in diverse therapeutic options. Objective This study evaluated the effects of the somatic antigen of the hydatid cyst protoscolex on wound healing in mice with full‐thickness skin wounds. Methods Fifty‐four adult mice, weighing 25 ± 5 g and approximately 60 days old, were divided into three groups (A, B, and C), each further divided into three subgroups. Subgroups A1, A2, and A3 were assigned negative controls. B1, B2, and B3 received hydatid cyst somatic antigen tests at 10 µg/SC, whereas C1, C2, and C3 received somatic antigen tests at 20 µg/SC. Under general anesthesia, a wound biopsy puncture of 9.8 mm in diameter was performed on the mice's back and spine. In the experimental group, antigen and alum adjuvant were administered subcutaneously around the wound, while the control group received Phosphate‐Buffered Saline (PBS). Using digital images, a geometric assessment was conducted on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 post‐wounding. The obtained images were analyzed by Image J software and after analyzing the data by SPSS software. Results A significant difference in terms of epithelization was observed in the antigen treatment group with a dose of 20 µg on days 3 and 6 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the 20 µg antigen group was significantly higher than the 10 µg antigen group in terms of this factor on day 3 (P < 0.05). Skin samples were taken from all wounds on days 3, 10 and 21 for microscopic evaluation. Regarding epithelization, on day 10, a significant difference was observed in the treatment group with a concentration of 10 µg with the control group and the treatment group with a concentration of 20 µg (P < 0.05). Conclusion Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that somatic antigens of protoscolex hydatid cyst are dose‐dependent and antigens with a dose of 20 µg by subcutaneous injection accelerate wound healing and epithelialization.

The outbreak of Sheep and goat pox (SGP) viral infections have increasingly been reported despite vaccinating the majority of sheep populations in Iran. The objective of this study was to predict the impacts of the SGP P32/envelope variations on the binding with host receptors as a candidate tool to assess this outbreak. The targeted gene was amplified in a total of 101 viral samples, and the PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing. The polymorphism and phylogenetic interactions of the identified variants were assessed. Molecular docking was performed between the identified P32 variants and the host receptor and the effects of these variants were evaluated. Eighteen variations were identified in the investigated P32 gene with variable silent and missense effects on the envelope protein. Five groups (G1–G5) of amino acid variations were identified. While there were no amino acid variations in the G1 (wild-type) viral protein, G2, G3, G4, and G5 proteins had seven, nine, twelve, and fourteen SNPs, respectively. Based on the observed amino acid substitutions, multiple distinct phylogenetic places were occupied from the identified viral groups. Dramatic alterations were identified between G2, G4, and G5 variants with their proteoglycan receptor, while the highest binding was revealed between goatpox G5 variant with the same receptor. It was suggested that the higher severity of goatpox viral infection originated from its higher affinity to bind with its cognate receptor. This firm binding may be explained by the observed higher severity of the SGP cases from which G5 samples were isolated.

Avipoxviruses (APVs) are large DNA viruses that are detected widely in many species of birds. Little information is available regarding genetic variations in these host-specific viruses. In the present study, nine canarypox virus and five pigeonpox virus isolates were collected from northeastern Iran and isolated via the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Further investigations were conducted using analysis of virus growth in chicken embryo fibroblasts, histopathology, electron microscopy, and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate variations in the highly conserved P4b gene of poxviruses. Virus replication and pock lesions were evident, and microscopic examination revealed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and biconcave enveloped virus particles with randomly arranged surface filaments, which are characteristic features of poxviruses. PCR results confirmed the presence of an APV-specific 578-bp fragment in all of the samples. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of 578-bp P4b fragments of eight isolates confirmed that our canary and pigeon isolates clustered with previously reported isolates. The similarity between the nucleotide sequences of most of our isolates and those isolated previously in other countries could be due to the high degree of conservation of these fragments. However, the FZRC6V isolate from a canary in this study did not have a canarypox virus origin according to the sequence analysis, and might have originated from cross-infection with different strains of avipoxviruses.

In recent years, high‐oil‐content fried products, such as nuggets, have posed a significant challenge and concern for consumers, leading to increased interest in fiber‐enriched meat alternatives that offer specific functional properties and health benefits. This study investigated the incorporation of quinoa flour and date seed powder as fiber sources into chicken and fish paste formulations at a 6% concentration, with varying ratios of quinoa flour to date seed powder: 0:0 (T1), 100:0 (T2), 75:25 (T3), and 50:50 (T4). The results demonstrated that adding these ingredients markedly improved the dietary fiber content, water holding capacity, cooking yield, and pH levels of the nuggets (p < 0.05). Notably, the T4 treatment exhibited the lowest oil absorption (3.82 g for chicken and 5.19 g for fish per 100 g of product) among all formulations (p < 0.05). The fiber‐enriched nuggets exhibited noticeable differences in texture and color. Additionally, the incorporation of quinoa flour and date seed powder positively influenced the sensory attributes of the nuggets, with T3 achieving the highest overall acceptance score. This formulation was identified as the most favorable option for both chicken and fish nuggets, owing to its optimal cooking yield, high acceptance, adequate fiber content, and minimal oil absorption. This study examined the development of low‐fat chicken and fish nuggets by incorporating quinoa flour and date seed powder as fiber sources. Finally, the findings suggest that these fiber‐enriched nuggets offer a healthier alternative to traditional high‐oil fried products.

This study investigated the antibacterial properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan: starch films incorporated with bitter orange essential oil (BOEO) for preserving rainbow trout fillets. Three BOEO concentrations (0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1% w/w) were incorporated via casting. Increased BOEO concentration enhanced film hydrophobicity and thermal resistance, but reduced tensile strength while increasing elongation. Atomic force microscopy revealed altered surface roughness. Antibacterial testing showed optimal activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria at 1.2% BOEO. Films containing 1.2% BOEO were applied to rainbow trout fillets, significantly reducing spoilage bacteria (total bacterial count, psychrotrophic, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae), slowing chemical spoilage (pH and TBA values), and minimizing weight loss during 16 days of refrigerated storage (4°C). These results demonstrate the potential of BOEO‐incorporated PLA/chitosan: starch films for extending the shelf life of rainbow trout. The study demonstrated that bilayer films based on polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan: starch containing bitter orange essential oil (BOEO) effectively inhibited spoilage bacteria in rainbow trout fillets during refrigerated storage. Films with 1.2% BOEO significantly reduced bacterial counts and slowed chemical spoilage, maintaining quality over 16 days. Additionally, increased BOEO concentration enhanced film properties such as hydrophobicity and thermal resistance, highlighting the potential of these films for extending the shelf life of fish products.

A 14-year- old female Shih Tzu was presented with conjunctivitis, keratitis, an enlarged mass located on the left lower eyelid and a large subcutaneous cyst in the temporal region. The hematological and biochemical analyses revealed no significant issues. The mass and the cyst were taken from the base with 1.50 cm of the underlying tissue. On histological examination, the mass was made up of adenoid arrangements of sebocytes and basaloid reserve cells with low to moderate mitotic activity of basaloid cells. In addition, a large number of meibomian ducts with marked infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and melanin pigment were observed in the ductal part of the tumor. The cyst was lined by a simple cuboid-like epithelium with no eosinophilic cuticular lining. Immuno-histochemical staining of the mass with CK14 showed positive reaction in the neoplastic basaloid reserve cells and adipocytes; but, not with CK18 and vimentin. Unlike, the luminal cells of the cyst were stained with CK18. The co-existence of mixed meibomian gland and ductal adenoma with an apocrine sweat gland cyst was diagnosed based on the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical findings.