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"Nozick, Robert"
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The nature of rationality
Repeatedly and successfully, the celebrated Harvard philosopher Robert Nozick has reached out to a broad audience beyond the confines of his discipline, addressing ethical and social problems that matter to every thoughtful person. Here Nozick continues his search for the connections between philosophy and \"ordinary\" experience. In the lively and accessible style that his readers have come to expect, he offers a bold theory of rationality, the one characteristic deemed to fix humanity's \"specialness.\" What are principles for? asks Nozick. We could act simply on whim, or maximize our self-interest and recommend that others do the same. As Nozick explores rationality of decision and rationality of belief, he shows how principles actually function in our day-to-day thinking and in our efforts to live peacefully and productively with each other.
eBook
الفوضى، الدولة، اليوتوبيا
هل نشأت الدولة من الفوضى ؟ وما هي طبيعتها ووظائفها التشريعية وواجباتها تجاه مواطنيها في تحقيق العدالة بينهم، وحمايتهم ضد العنف والسرقة والاحتيال والأزمات الاقتصادية والسياسية التي تعصف بحياتهم ؟ ثم ما هي الدولة الكبرى ؟ وما صلة ذلك كله بالحلم الإنساني وبالتراث المتعلق بالفكر الاجتماعي، ولا سيما بنظرية المدينة (اليوتوبيا) تلك القضايا وغيرها كثير يتناولها هذا الكتاب برؤية فلسفية عميقة.
BOOK
الفوضى، الدولة، اليوتوبيا
هل نشأت الدولة من الفوضى ؟ وما هي طبيعتها ووظائفها التشريعية وواجباتها تجاه مواطنيها في تحقيق العدالة بينهم، وحمايتهم ضد العنف والسرقة والاحتيال والأزمات الاقتصادية والسياسية التي تعصف بحياتهم ؟ ثم ما هي الدولة الكبرى ؟ وما صلة ذلك كله بالحلم الإنساني وبالتراث المتعلق بالفكر الاجتماعي، ولا سيما بنظرية المدينة (اليوتوبيا) تلك القضايا وغيرها كثير يتناولها هذا الكتاب برؤية فلسفية عميقة.
BOOK
Invisible-Hand Explanations
Economics typically explains patterns in terms of the actions of rational agents. However, a disaggregated theory of the agent, wherein patterns that seem to indicate a central and unified directing agent are instead explained as the result of smaller, non-agent entities interacting, also might count as an invisible-hand explanation. The definitional details of what counts as invisible hand are less interesting than the particular theories. Time preference seems susceptible to evolutionary explanation. The future is uncertain, an organism may not survive to reap an anticipated reward, or the world might not present it. Innate time preference may be evolution's way to instill in creatures incapable of explicit probabilistic calculations a mechanism having roughly the same effect, approximating what such calculations would have yielded with regard to rewards affecting inclusive fitness; such time preference may have been selected for. Numerous other aspects of invisible-hand explanations are addressed in detail.
Journal Article
On Kitsch: A Symposium
A symposium about kitsch participated by Saul Friedlander, Susan Sontag, and Irving Howe is presented. Among others, Sontag says the distinction between the uses of kitsch is very bold and puzzling. She's not sure the uses can be identified by terms like \"common\" and \"uplifting.\"
Journal Article
DECISION-VALUE
An elaborate theory of rational decision has been developed by economists and statisticians, and put to widespread use in theoretical and policy studies. This is a powerful, mathematically precise, and tractable theory. Although its adequacy as a description of actual behavior has been widely questioned, it stands as the dominant view of the conditions that a rational decision should satisfy: it is the dominant normative view. I believe this standard decision theory needs to be expanded to incorporate explicitly considerations about the symbolic meaning of actions, along with other factors. A useful entry into the inadequacies of the current standard
Book Chapter
EVOLUTIONARY REASONS
The rationality of a belief or action is a matter of its responsiveness to the reasons for and against, and of the process by which those reasons are generated. Why does rationality involve reasons? Here is one answer: beliefs and actions are to have certain properties (such as truth or satisfying desire), and it is more likely that they will if they are responsive to all the reasons for and against. (Might some other process that does not involve considering or weighing reasons at all be even more reliable in achieving that goal?) Whether or not considering reasons is the
Book Chapter