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The changes in lignocellulosic biomass composition and in vitro rumen digestibility of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) after pre-treatment with the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the pre-treatment for 2–12 weeks has gradually degraded the OPEFB in a time-dependent manner; whereby lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were respectively degraded by 41.0, 20.5, and 26.7% at the end of the incubation period. The findings were corroborated using the physical examination of the OPEFB by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the OPEFB pre-treated for 12 weeks has shown the highest in vitro digestibility of dry (77.20%) and organic (69.78%) matter, where they were enhanced by 104.07 and 96.29%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control. The enhancement in the in vitro ruminal digestibility was negatively correlated with the lignin content in the OPEFB. Therefore, biologically delignified OPEFB with G . lucidum fungal culture pre-treatment have the potential to be utilized as one of the ingredients for the development of a novel ruminant forage.

Abstract Fish stock assessments require a holistic approach that accounts for population heterogeneity, size range, sampling time frames, and habitat characteristics. However, these theoretical principles are often overlooked, potentially resulting in inappropriate fishery management decisions. This research aimed to evaluate (1) the spatial variation in the morphology of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) across Indonesian populations using truss network analysis and (2) the temporal stability of these morphological traits over 90 years, assessed at 10-year intervals in habitats with varying ecological characteristics. The study analyzed 235 fish specimens from 20 Indonesian provinces, preserved at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, Indonesia. Morphometric data were collected using the truss network method, measuring 19 distances between 10 anatomical landmarks with digital calipers. Nine meristic traits were recorded, including scale and fin spine/ray counts. Morphometric traits were standardized and analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Based on the results of this study, population heterogeneity and the sampling time frame showed minimal influence on phenotypic variation, with a tendency for overlap between groups. Discrimination was observed among three islands – Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sumba (with differences ranging from 2.1 to 2.39 mm) – as well as between the sampling periods <1970 and 1970–1980, with differences reaching up to 2.47 mm, and between the periods <1970 and 1980–1990, with a recorded difference of 2.36 mm. However, population and habitat characteristics had a significant effect on morphotype. Body depth and caudal peduncle shape significantly contributed to between-sub-population heterogeneity, while habitat characteristics were associated with all three body regions. These results demonstrate that the morphometric truss method can comprehensively evaluate fish population structure, with implications for decision-making to support sustainable fisheries management.

Abstract Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra are ornamental fish native to Aceh waters, facing a decline in population due to overexploitation and environmental changes. Therefore, this research aimed to obtain information regarding the reproduction of B. dennisyongi and B. rubra. The study was conducted from January to December 2020, with B. dennisyongi and B. rubra samples collected from Nagan Raya Regency and Aceh Besar, respectively. Approximately 1,099 Betta fish samples were successfully collected, comprising 600 B. dennisyongi and 499 B. rubra. The results showed that sex ratio (male:female) analysis had 1:5 and 1:6 for B. dennisyongi and B. rubra, respectively, indicating a predominance of female. Further analysis showed that only 15% of female B. dennisyongi samples had mature gonads out of 505 and 3.7% of male among 95 B. dennisyongi. Female of B. dennisyongi showed first mature gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.99 cm. For B. rubra, only 11.1% of female and 26.9% of male samples showed mature gonads out of 432 and 67, respectively. Female of B. rubra first matured gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.90 cm. Reproductive analysis showed that both species were continuous spawners in the year, as indicated by mature gonads in each month of observation, with fluctuating percentages. The peak spawning period for B. dennisyongi occurred in October, while B. rubra was observed in January. Consequently, it was recommended not to catch these species during their spawning months to maintain the sustainability of these endangered species. Resumo Betta dennisyongi e Betta rubra são peixes ornamentais nativos das águas de Aceh, que enfrentam um declínio populacional devido à superexploração e mudanças ambientais. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a reprodução dessas duas espécies. O estudo foi conduzido de janeiro a dezembro de 2020, com amostras de B. dennisyongi e B. rubra coletadas em Nagan Raya Regency e Aceh Besar, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 1.099 amostras de peixes Betta foram coletadas, compreendendo 600 B. dennisyongi e 499 B. rubra. Os resultados mostraram que a análise da proporção sexual (macho:fêmea) foi de 1:5 e 1:6 para B. dennisyongi e B. rubra, respectivamente, indicando uma predominância de fêmeas. Análises posteriores mostraram que apenas 15% das amostras de fêmeas de B. dennisyongi tinham gônadas maduras (de um total de 505), enquanto entre os 95 machos analisados, apenas 3,7% estavam sexualmente maduros. A fêmea de B. dennisyongi apresentou as primeiras gônadas maduras com um tamanho de 3,86 cm, enquanto o macho teve maturidade com 3,99 cm. Para B. rubra, apenas 11,1% das amostras de fêmeas e 26,9% dos machos apresentaram gônadas maduras de 432 e 67, respectivamente. A fêmea de B. rubra apresentou as primeiras gônadas maduras com um tamanho de 3,86 cm, enquanto o macho teve maturidade com 3,90 cm. A análise reprodutiva mostrou que ambas as espécies foram reprodutoras contínuas ao longo do ano, conforme indicado pelas gônadas maduras em cada mês de observação, com percentuais flutuantes. O pico do período de desova para B. dennisyongi ocorreu em outubro, enquanto o de B. rubra se deu em janeiro. Recomenda-se não capturar ambas as espécies durante os meses de desova, para manter a sustentabilidade dessas espécies ameaçadas.

The Betta broodfish supply in Indonesia majorly comes from wild populations and fetches a higher price compared to hatchery cross-breeds, especially Betta rubra. This condition exerts pressure on the wild populations. Therefore, this study aims to examine the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Betta fish species list in the study area. A total of 422 Betta fishes were collected from January 2019 to January 2021 from 19 of 59 sampling locations surveyed, consisting of four species, namely, Betta imbellis (TL: 14.09-31.98 mm; BW: 0.03-0.39 g), B. splendens (TL: 21.09-40.14 mm; BW: 0.05-0.70 g), B. rubra (TL: 11.35 to 47.80 mm; BW: 0.02-0.90 g), and B. dennisyongi (TL: 20.09-47.81 mm; BW: 0.07-0.91 g). There are four Betta species occurred in Aceh waters, namely B. dennisyongi, B. rubra, B. splendens, and B. imbellis. The results showed that B. dennisyongi was found at 8 sampling locations and had higher local distribution (13.56% LD) followed by B. rubra (8.47% LD), B. splendens (6.78% LD) and B. imbellis which had the lowest distribution and was only found in two locations (3.39% LD). Furthermore, field measurements (in situ) of water quality in the wild habitat showed temperature ranging from 23.7 to 31.9°C while pH ranged from 5.24 to 8.51. Based on the IUCN Redlist data, B. rubra is categorized as being critically endangered.

Trichopodus, the genus of dwarf gourami fish, is the oldest genus in the Osphronemidae family, with six valid species, three of which are found in Sumatra. In this study, the status, distribution, and morphometrics of Trichopodus leerii, T. pectoralis, and T. trichopterus from Sumatra were observed and analyzed. Although these species can be distinguished based on phenotypic characteristics, it is still possible to misidentify them in small or preserved samples. In this study, analyses were carried out on specimens in the collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, combined with literature on the species status. The results showed that T. trichopterus and T. pectoralis were in the least concern category. T. trichopterus had the widest distribution, followed by T. pectoralis. T. leerii had the smallest distribution and is in a near-threatened conservation status. Further analysis revealed that 23 of the 25 measured morphological characteristics were informative, with the first three axes of a principal component analysis on morphometric data explaining 51.28% of the total variance in the sample. The three species were distinguished using a combination of pectoral fin length, eye diameter, pelvic fin length, and anterior snout width. Cluster analysis showed that there is consistency in the morphometrics of the species from various sample locations, where the same species are in the same clade. This research contributes to our understanding of the status and distribution of the species in genus Trichopodus and employs morphometric analysis to provide a practical key to classifying them in Sumatra.

Abstract The exploration of ichthyofauna in the peat swamp waters of East Kalimantan is interesting to discover, not only has it never been reported, the relocation of Indonesia’s capital city to East Kalimantan is predicted to change the diversity of ichthyofauna in peat swamp waters. Therefore, species identification, distribution, conservation status and potency of fish are important to study and provide valuable references in formulating conservation policies for aquatic ecosystems. The observation parameters carried out in this study include the index of Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson dominance, and Sorensen similarity. In addition, the identified fish species are grouped based on their conservation status and potency (consumption and ornamental commodities). A total of 33 fish species were identified at four sampling stations belonging to 8 orders and 15 families with a total of 163 samples. Cyprinidae is the dominant family found with 14 species (33%). A total of 73% of fish collected have potential for fish consumption, 15% of species have potential as ornamental and consumption fish, and 12% of species have potential as ornamental fish. The conservation status (IUCN) of fish in the peat swamp waters of East Kalimantan is divided into five categories: Data Deficient (4 species: 13%), Least Concern (25 species: 78%), Near Threatened (1 species: 3%), Endangered (1 species: 3%), and Extinct (1 species: 3%). The species that was declared extinct was Chitala lopis in early 2021, but interestingly the species was rediscovered in this study in its natural habitat.

The Leuser Ecosystem Area (LEA) is one of the largest conservation areas in Southeast Asia. However, the explorations of ichthyofauna at LEA are still relatively scarce compared to other vertebrates fauna. We report the first ichthyofauna studies of the northern river of LEA in Aceh Province. This study aimed to determine the composition, diversity, biometric condition, potency, and conservation status of freshwater fish in Merbau River, LEA, Indonesia. Fish sampling was carried out at six research stations using selective gill nets, throwing net, hook, tray net, and scoop net. A total of 434 individual fish belonging to 21 species, nine families and six orders were collected from the sampling location. Cyprinidae was the predominant family obtained, namely 42.9%. Based on their conservation status, 85.7% of collected fish were categorized as Least Concern, 9.5% as Data Deficient, and 4.8% as Near Threatened. A total of 14 fish have the potential as consumption fish, two species have the potential as ornamental fish, and five others have the potential both as consumption and ornamental fish. All fish species collected had negative allometric growth patterns with growth coefficient values (b) ranging from 1.17–2.51. The diversity and evenness index of fish was categorized as moderate (H’ = 2.52) with stable conditions (E = 0.85).

Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid adaptive radiations with significant diversification rates in response to ecological variability, i.e., ecological opportunity or geographical isolation. The discovery of a Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur, Indonesia's largest volcanic lake, first reported in 2013, could represent such adaptations. Midas cichlids can now be found in a range of habitats in Lake Batur and dominate the lake's fish population by up to 60%. This study aimed to identify the interaction between habitat, water quality, and Midas cichlid in Lake Batur, facilitating morphometric variances in the fish populations. The fish were captured at five locations in Lake Batur using fishing rods, community nets with mesh sizes of 2–3 inches, experimental gillnets with mesh sizes of 1 inch, and fish scoops in floating net cages during August and November 2022. There were 46 fish samples caught from the five stations, all photographed using a digital camera and later measured using the ZEN 2012 software. The fish measurement employed a truss morphometric method using 21 distinct morphometric body features. Canonical analysis was used to determine the distribution of characteristics, while discriminant analysis was used to examine the closeness of association. The measured water quality parameters included pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, and TDS for in-situ and TSS, TP, TN, and chlorophyll A for ex-situ. The findings revealed morphometric changes among Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur caused by habitat and water quality differences. The distinction can be detected in the anterior and posterior bodies (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 and B4). Temperature and aquatic plants, Azolla pinnata, may detect the station and shape of fish in Lake Batur. Body shape cannot be identified by chlorophyll A, TN, DO, and TDS. Future genetic research could answer why fish groups with varied body types coexist in the same location. Resumo Os peixes ciclídeos exibem radiações adaptativas rápidas com taxas de diversificação significativas em resposta à variabilidade ecológica, ou seja, oportunidade ecológica ou isolamento geográfico. A descoberta de uma espécie de ciclídeo Midas em Lago Batur, o maior lago vulcânico da Indonésia, relatada pela primeira vez em 2013, poderia representar tais adaptações. Os ciclídeos Midas agora podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de hábitats no Lago Batur, onde dominam a população de peixes em até 60%. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a interação entre hábitat, qualidade da água e ciclídeo Midas no Lago Batur, facilitando variações morfométricas nas populações de peixe. Os peixes foram capturados em cinco locais no Lago Batur usando varas de pesca, redes comunitárias com malhas de 2-3 polegadas, redes de emalhar experimentais com malhas de 1 polegada e colheres de peixe em gaiolas de rede flutuantes, durante agosto e novembro de 2022. Foram capturadas 46 amostras de peixes nas cinco estações, todas fotografadas com câmera digital e posteriormente medidas no software ZEN 2012. A medição dos peixes empregou um método morfométrico de treliça usando 21 características morfométricas distintas do corpo. A análise canônica foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição das características, enquanto a análise discriminante foi empregada para examinar a proximidade da associação. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos incluíram pH, OD, temperatura, condutividade e TDS para in situ, e TSS, TP, TN e clorofila A para ex situ. As descobertas revelaram mudanças morfométricas entre as espécies de ciclídeos Midas no Lago Batur, causadas por diferenças de hábitat e qualidade da água. A distinção pode ser detectada nos corpos anterior e posterior (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 e B4). A temperatura e as plantas aquáticas, Azolla pinnata, podem detectar a estação e o formato dos peixes no Lago Batur. A forma do corpo não pode ser identificada pela clorofila A, TN, OD e TDS. Futuras pesquisas genéticas poderiam responder por que grupos de peixes com tipos corporais variados coexistem no mesmo local.

Ageratum conyzoides though considered an invasive, troublesome weed has been proven beneficial due to its antifungal properties, making it a promising component for the development of environmentally friendly fungicides. In this study, the plant extract derived from Ageratum conyzoides is tested for its antifungal property against Fusarium oxysporum , fungi that have been causing devastating disease among the banana plant also known as the Fusarium wilt or Panama disease. In vitro antifungal assay of the plant extract with different concentrations (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) derived from several parts of the plant, such as the leaf, inflorescence and stem were tested against the Fusarium oxysporum by using poisoned food technique and its mycelial growth are recorded to calculate the inhibition percentage. From the study, all the plant extracts derived from the different parts were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum although maximum inhibition was observed on the inflorescence extract with 10% concentration, followed by leaf extract with 8% concentration and stem extract with 10% concentration. In conclusion, there is a possibility for Ageratum conyzoides plant extract with higher concentration to pose as a natural fungicide against Panama disease.

This paper presents results the process of combustion propane using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the turbulent non-premixed flame under the influences of crosswinds and the ratio of fuel (propane) to steam, S. Configuration, discretization and boundary conditions of the flame are described using GambitTM software and integrated with FluentTM software for calculations of flow and reactive fields. This work focuses on the influence of various crosswind speeds (0-10 m/s) and values of S (0.14-2.35) while the velocity of fuel issued from the nozzle was kept constant at 20 m/s. A turbulence model, k-ϵ standard and combustion model, Eddy Dissipation model were employed for the calculation of velocity and temperature fields, respectively. The results are displayed in the form of predictive terrain profile of the propane flame at different crosswind speeds. The results of the propane flame profile demonstrated that the crosswind significantly affect the structure velocity and position of the flame which was off-center moving towards the direction of crosswind, eventually affect the temperature along the flame. As the values of S is increasing, the flame contour temperature decreases, until the flame was extinguished at S equals to 2.35. The combustion efficiency for a variety of crosswind speeds decreases with increasing values of S.